Nokea
During inhalation,
- A. the pressure in the thoracic cavity is greater than the pressure within the lungs.
- B. the pressure in the thoracic cavity is less than the pressure within the lungs.
- C. the diaphragm moves upward and becomes more curved.
- D. the chest cavity volume decreases.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This decrease in pressure within the thoracic cavity creates a pressure gradient, causing air to flow into the lungs where the pressure is now higher. Choice B is correct because the pressure in the thoracic cavity is indeed less than the pressure within the lungs during inhalation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because during inhalation, the pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases, the diaphragm moves downward and flattens, and the chest cavity volume increases to allow for air intake.
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Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
- A. solute dissolved in the plasma
- B. carbaminohemoglobin
- C. bicarbonate ions
- D. solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: bicarbonate ions. Carbon dioxide in the blood mainly combines with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions. This process occurs in red blood cells via the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Choices A and D are incorrect as carbon dioxide mainly combines with water and does not remain as a solute in plasma or cytoplasm. Choice B, carbaminohemoglobin, is a minor way carbon dioxide is transported, where a small amount binds to hemoglobin, but the majority is transported as bicarbonate ions.
Aminophylline (theophylline) is prescribed for a client with acute bronchitis. A nurse administers the medication, knowing that the primary action of this medication is to?
- A. Promote expectoration.
- B. Suppress the cough.
- C. Relax smooth muscles of the bronchial airway.
- D. Prevent infection.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Relax smooth muscles of the bronchial airway. Aminophylline (theophylline) is a bronchodilator that works by relaxing the smooth muscles in the bronchial airways, which helps to open up the airways and improve airflow. This action helps to relieve bronchospasm, which is common in conditions like acute bronchitis. Promoting expectoration (A) and suppressing cough (B) are not the primary actions of aminophylline, although they may be secondary effects. Preventing infection (D) is unrelated to the mechanism of action of aminophylline in treating acute bronchitis.
What is the role of alveolar macrophages?
- A. to secrete pulmonary surfactant
- B. to secrete antimicrobial proteins
- C. to remove pathogens and debris
- D. to facilitate gas exchange
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: to remove pathogens and debris. Alveolar macrophages are specialized immune cells located in the lungs responsible for engulfing and clearing pathogens, debris, and foreign particles. This function helps maintain lung health and prevents infections.
Rationale:
1. Alveolar macrophages are part of the immune system and act as the first line of defense in the lungs.
2. Their primary role is phagocytosis, engulfing and destroying pathogens and debris to protect the respiratory system.
3. Secreting pulmonary surfactant (choice A) is the function of type II alveolar cells, not alveolar macrophages.
4. While alveolar macrophages can secrete some antimicrobial proteins (choice B), their main function is phagocytosis.
5. Facilitating gas exchange (choice D) is the role of the alveoli and not specifically of alveolar macrophages.
In summary,
A patient on the medical unit has told the nurse that he is experiencing significant
dyspnea, despite that he has not recently performed any physical activity. What
assessment question should the nurse ask the patient while preparing to perform a
physical assessment?
- A. On a scale from 1 to 10, how bad would rate your shortness of breath?
- B. When was the last time you ate or drank anything?
- C. Are you feeling any nausea along with your shortness of breath?
- D. Do you think that some medication might help you catch your breath?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A):
1. Assessing the severity of dyspnea is crucial for determining the urgency of intervention.
2. By asking for a rating on a scale from 1 to 10, the nurse can quantify the level of distress the patient is experiencing.
3. This allows for a more objective assessment and helps in determining appropriate interventions.
4. Monitoring changes in the severity of dyspnea over time can also guide treatment effectiveness.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B. Asking about the last time the patient ate or drank is important for assessing possible contributing factors to dyspnea, but it does not directly address the immediate severity of the symptom.
C. Inquiring about nausea is relevant for a more comprehensive assessment, but it does not directly address the severity of dyspnea.
D. Asking about the potential need for medication is important, but it does not directly address the current level of dyspnea and may not be the immediate priority.
Which of the following methods of speech following laryngectomy involves a throat vibrator held against the neck that projects sound into the mouth causing words to be formed with the mouth?
- A. Tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP)
- B. Esophageal speech
- C. Artificial (electric) larynx
- D. Speech therapy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. The artificial (electric) larynx uses a throat vibrator to produce sound, enabling speech. A (TEP) involves a surgically created opening for speech. B (esophageal speech) relies on air swallowed into the esophagus. D (speech therapy) is a broader term encompassing various techniques.