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A nurse plans care for a client who is experiencing dyspnea and must stop multiple times when climbing a flight of stairs. Which intervention would the nurse include in this client's plan of care?
- A. Assistance with activities of daily living
- B. Physical therapy activities every day
- C. Oxygen therapy at 2 L per nasal cannula
- D. Complete bedrest with frequent repositioning
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Assistance with activities of daily living. This intervention helps conserve the client's energy by reducing the physical exertion required for activities like climbing stairs. It promotes independence while ensuring safety and preventing further exacerbation of dyspnea. Physical therapy activities every day (B) may be too strenuous for a client experiencing dyspnea. Oxygen therapy at 2 L per nasal cannula (C) may be necessary for severe cases but does not address the client's functional limitations. Complete bedrest with frequent repositioning (D) may lead to deconditioning and worsen the client's dyspnea.
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A male patient's X-ray result reveals bilateral white-outs, indicating acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This syndrome results from:
- A. Cardiogenic pulmonary edema
- B. Respiratory alkalosis
- C. Increased pulmonary capillary permeability
- D. Renal failure
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Increased pulmonary capillary permeability. ARDS is characterized by damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane, leading to increased permeability and leakage of fluid into the alveoli. This causes bilateral white-outs on X-ray. Cardiogenic pulmonary edema (A) results from heart failure, not ARDS. Respiratory alkalosis (B) is a condition of elevated blood pH due to hyperventilation, not a direct cause of ARDS. Renal failure (D) is not a direct cause of ARDS, although it can contribute to fluid overload. Thus, the most accurate choice is C due to the pathophysiological mechanism of ARDS.
The nurse is preparing the patient for and will assist the physician with a thoracentesis in the patient’s room. Number the following actions in the order the nurse should complete them.
- A. Verify breath sounds in all fields.
- B. Obtain the supplies that will be used.
- C. Send labeled specimen containers to the lab.
- D. Direct the family members to the waiting room.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The nurse should first obtain the supplies that will be used to ensure that everything needed for the thoracentesis procedure is readily available. This step is crucial for the successful completion of the procedure and the safety of the patient.
2,3 DPG (Diphospho glycerate) is an important molecule that competes for Oxygen binding sites of Hemoglobin. It is present in
- A. Blood Plasma
- B. Erythrocytes
- C. Leucocytes
- D. Blood of lungs
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Erythrocytes. 2,3 DPG is a molecule found inside red blood cells (erythrocytes) that helps in regulating the oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin. It competes for oxygen binding sites and helps in the release of oxygen to tissues. Choice A (Blood Plasma) is incorrect because 2,3 DPG is not found freely circulating in the blood plasma. Choice C (Leucocytes) is incorrect as 2,3 DPG is not primarily found in white blood cells. Choice D (Blood of lungs) is incorrect as 2,3 DPG is mainly located within red blood cells and not in the blood present in the lungs.
A client has been diagnosed with lung cancer and requires lobectomy. How much of the lung is removed?
- A. One entire lung.
- B. A lobe of the lung.
- C. A small, localized area near the surface of the lung.
- D. One entire lung.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: A lobe of the lung. During a lobectomy, a lobe of the lung is surgically removed, typically to treat lung cancer while preserving the remaining lung tissue. Removing one entire lung (choices A and D) is not necessary for a lobectomy and would be a more extensive procedure. Choice C, removing a small localized area near the surface of the lung, does not accurately reflect the extent of tissue removal required for a lobectomy. Therefore, the correct choice is B as it specifically addresses the removal of a lobe during the surgical procedure.
What is the role of alveolar macrophages?
- A. to secrete pulmonary surfactant
- B. to secrete antimicrobial proteins
- C. to remove pathogens and debris
- D. to facilitate gas exchange
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: to remove pathogens and debris. Alveolar macrophages are specialized immune cells located in the lungs responsible for engulfing and clearing pathogens, debris, and foreign particles. This function helps maintain lung health and prevents infections.
Rationale:
1. Alveolar macrophages are part of the immune system and act as the first line of defense in the lungs.
2. Their primary role is phagocytosis, engulfing and destroying pathogens and debris to protect the respiratory system.
3. Secreting pulmonary surfactant (choice A) is the function of type II alveolar cells, not alveolar macrophages.
4. While alveolar macrophages can secrete some antimicrobial proteins (choice B), their main function is phagocytosis.
5. Facilitating gas exchange (choice D) is the role of the alveoli and not specifically of alveolar macrophages.
In summary,