Nokea
The cartilage which are triangular pieces of hyaline cartilage and influence the position and tension of vocal cords?
- A. thyroid cartilage
- B. paired arytenoid
- C. paired comiculate
- D. cricoid cartilage
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: paired arytenoid cartilage. These cartilages are triangular and play a crucial role in adjusting the tension and position of the vocal cords, thus affecting voice pitch and quality. The thyroid cartilage (A) is a large shield-shaped cartilage, the corniculate cartilage (C) is small and horn-shaped, and the cricoid cartilage (D) is a ring-shaped cartilage. These cartilages do not directly influence the vocal cords' tension and position.
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Identify the inconsistent value in these measurements on a mixed venous blood sample obtained in a healthy person from IVC at sea level
- A. pO2 = 40mmHg
- B. pCO2 = 48mmHg
- C. PN2 = 620mmHg
- D. O2 content = 150ml/L blood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: PN2 = 620mmHg. This is the inconsistent value because the normal partial pressure of nitrogen in venous blood is around 40 mmHg, not 620 mmHg. This discrepancy indicates an abnormal measurement. The other choices (A, B, D) are within expected ranges for a mixed venous blood sample in a healthy person at sea level. Choice A (pO2 = 40mmHg) is typical for venous blood, choice B (pCO2 = 48mmHg) falls within the normal range, and choice D (O2 content = 150ml/L blood) is a reasonable value for mixed venous blood.
A client seen in the emergency department reports fever,fatigue and dry cough but no other upper respiratory symptoms. A chest x-ray reveals mediastinal widening. What action by the nurse is best?
- A. Collect a sputum sample for culture by deep suctioning.
- B. Inform the client that oral antibiotics will be needed for 60 days.
- C. Place the client on Airborne Precautions immediately.
- D. Tell the client that directly observed therapy is needed.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Inform the client that oral antibiotics will be needed for 60 days. This is the best action because the client is showing symptoms consistent with tuberculosis, such as fever, fatigue, dry cough, and mediastinal widening on chest x-ray. Treatment for tuberculosis typically involves a combination of oral antibiotics for a prolonged period, usually 6-9 months. Collecting a sputum sample for culture by deep suctioning (A) may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis but is not the priority at this moment. Placing the client on Airborne Precautions immediately (C) is important once the diagnosis is confirmed, not the initial action. Directly observed therapy (D) is a method to ensure adherence to medication but is not the immediate next step.
Partial pressure of O2 in the inspired air is 156 mm Hg and that of CO2 is
- A. 0.3 mm Hg
- B. 0.5 mm Hg
- C. 140 mm Hg
- D. 46 mmHg
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Inspired air has O2 partial pressure of 156 mm Hg.
2. In alveoli, O2 is exchanged with CO2.
3. CO2 partial pressure in alveoli is lower than in inspired air.
4. Therefore, CO2 partial pressure in inspired air must be much lower.
5. Choice A (0.3 mm Hg) is the only option significantly lower than O2 pressure, making it the correct answer.
Summary:
- Choice A is correct as it reflects the lower CO2 partial pressure compared to O2.
- Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not show a significant difference in partial pressure compared to O2.
The exchange of gases between blood and cells is called
- A. pulmonary ventilation
- B. internal respiration
- C. external respiration
- D. cellular respiration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: internal respiration. This process refers to the exchange of gases between blood and body cells. Pulmonary ventilation (A) is the process of breathing, moving air in and out of the lungs. External respiration (C) is the exchange of gases between the lungs and blood. Cellular respiration (D) is the process where cells use oxygen to produce energy. Internal respiration best describes the exchange of gases at the cellular level.
The greatest quantity of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort is its
- A. Residual volume
- B. Tidal volume
- C. Vital capacity
- D. Lung volume
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vital capacity. Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. It is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume. Residual volume (A) is the air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation. Tidal volume (B) is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing. Lung volume (D) is a general term and not a specific measure of air quantity. Thus, vital capacity is the best choice as it accounts for the maximum air that can be expired after a deep inhalation.