Nokea
Which dietary modification helps to meet the nutritional needs of patients with COPD?
- A. Eating a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet
- B. Avoiding foods that require a lot of chewing
- C. Preparing most foods of the diet to be eaten hot
- D. Drinking fluids with meals to promote digestion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Patients with COPD may have difficulty chewing due to dyspnea, so avoiding foods that require a lot of chewing helps in meeting their nutritional needs. Choosing foods that are easier to eat can prevent fatigue during meals and ensure adequate nutrition intake.
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2,3 DPG (Diphospho glycerate) is an important molecule that competes for Oxygen binding sites of Hemoglobin. It is present in
- A. Blood Plasma
- B. Erythrocytes
- C. Leucocytes
- D. Blood of lungs
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Erythrocytes. 2,3 DPG is a molecule found inside red blood cells (erythrocytes) that helps in regulating the oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin. It competes for oxygen binding sites and helps in the release of oxygen to tissues. Choice A (Blood Plasma) is incorrect because 2,3 DPG is not found freely circulating in the blood plasma. Choice C (Leucocytes) is incorrect as 2,3 DPG is not primarily found in white blood cells. Choice D (Blood of lungs) is incorrect as 2,3 DPG is mainly located within red blood cells and not in the blood present in the lungs.
Which muscle(s) produce(s) the movement labeled '1'?
- A. rectus abdominis
- B. internal intercostals
- C. external intercostals
- D. diaphragm
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: external intercostals. These muscles are responsible for elevating the ribcage during inhalation, which corresponds to the movement labeled '1'. The rectus abdominis (A) is involved in trunk flexion, internal intercostals (B) aid in forced exhalation, and the diaphragm (D) primarily assists in inhalation by moving downward to increase thoracic cavity volume. Therefore, the external intercostals are the correct choice for the specific movement indicated in the question.
You are supervising a nursing student who is providing care for a thoracotomy client with a chest tube. What finding will you clearly instruct the nursing student to notify you about immediately?
- A. Chest tube drainage of 10-15 mL per hour
- B. Continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber
- C. Complaints of pain at the chest tube site
- D. Chest tube dressing dated yesterday.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber indicates an air leak and potential complications. Drainage of 10-15 mL/hour (A) is normal. Pain complaints (C) and outdated dressing (D) are less urgent.
Rectal respiration is seen in
- A. Cockroach
- B. Spider
- C. Niads of Dragon fly
- D. Water flea
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rectal respiration in insects involves the exchange of gases through the anus. The correct answer is C, Niads of Dragonfly, as they have specialized structures called rectal gills for respiration. Cockroach (A), Spider (B), and Water flea (D) do not possess rectal gills or exhibit rectal respiration. Cockroaches have spiracles for respiration, spiders have book lungs or tracheal systems, and water fleas have gills located elsewhere on their bodies. Thus, only Niads of Dragonfly demonstrate rectal respiration, making it the correct choice.
A client who has chronic heart failure is admitted to the emergency department with severe dyspnea and a dry hacking cough. Which action should the nurse take first?
- A. Auscultate the abdomen
- B. Check the capillary refill
- C. Auscultate the breath sounds
- D. Ask about the patient's allergies
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct action for the nurse to take first is to auscultate the breath sounds (Choice C) because the client is presenting with severe dyspnea and a dry hacking cough, which are indicative of respiratory distress in a patient with chronic heart failure. Auscultating the breath sounds will help the nurse assess the presence of crackles, wheezing, or decreased air entry, providing crucial information about the client's respiratory status and guiding immediate interventions. Checking the capillary refill (Choice B) is important but not the priority in this situation. Auscultating the abdomen (Choice A) is not relevant to the presenting symptoms. Asking about the patient's allergies (Choice D) is important but can be addressed after addressing the immediate respiratory distress.