Nokea
Which of the following methods of speech following laryngectomy involves a throat vibrator held against the neck that projects sound into the mouth causing words to be formed with the mouth?
- A. Tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP)
- B. Esophageal speech
- C. Artificial (electric) larynx
- D. Speech therapy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. The artificial (electric) larynx uses a throat vibrator to produce sound, enabling speech. A (TEP) involves a surgically created opening for speech. B (esophageal speech) relies on air swallowed into the esophagus. D (speech therapy) is a broader term encompassing various techniques.
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Damage to the phrenic nerves would
- A. increase respiratory rate
- B. increase the tidal volume
- C. force reliance on costal breathing
- D. result in greater pressure differences between the lungs and the outside air
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Damage to the phrenic nerves would result in the inability to fully expand the diaphragm, leading to reliance on costal breathing. This is because the phrenic nerves innervate the diaphragm, the main muscle of respiration. Without proper diaphragmatic function, the individual would have difficulty engaging in effective diaphragmatic breathing. Therefore, choice C is correct.
Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because damage to the phrenic nerves would not directly impact the respiratory rate, tidal volume, or pressure differences between the lungs and the outside air. These functions are more related to overall respiratory control and lung mechanics, which are not solely dependent on the phrenic nerves.
Of the four parts of respiration the part when oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the capillaries lining the alveoli in the lungs is:
- A. pulmonary ventilation
- B. external respiration
- C. transport of respiratory gases
- D. internal respiration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: external respiration. This is the part of respiration where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the capillaries lining the alveoli in the lungs. During external respiration, oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide from the bloodstream diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled.
A: Pulmonary ventilation refers to the process of breathing, specifically the movement of air in and out of the lungs. This does not involve the actual exchange of gases in the alveoli.
C: Transport of respiratory gases involves the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the bloodstream to and from the tissues. This is not specifically related to the exchange of gases in the alveoli.
D: Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the bloodstream and the tissues at the cellular level. This does not specifically occur in the alveoli of the lungs.
What is the role of alveolar macrophages?
- A. to secrete pulmonary surfactant
- B. to secrete antimicrobial proteins
- C. to remove pathogens and debris
- D. to facilitate gas exchange
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: to remove pathogens and debris. Alveolar macrophages are specialized immune cells located in the lungs responsible for engulfing and clearing pathogens, debris, and foreign particles. This function helps maintain lung health and prevents infections.
Rationale:
1. Alveolar macrophages are part of the immune system and act as the first line of defense in the lungs.
2. Their primary role is phagocytosis, engulfing and destroying pathogens and debris to protect the respiratory system.
3. Secreting pulmonary surfactant (choice A) is the function of type II alveolar cells, not alveolar macrophages.
4. While alveolar macrophages can secrete some antimicrobial proteins (choice B), their main function is phagocytosis.
5. Facilitating gas exchange (choice D) is the role of the alveoli and not specifically of alveolar macrophages.
In summary,
Partial pressure of O2 in the inspired air is 156 mm Hg and that of CO2 is
- A. 0.3 mm Hg
- B. 0.5 mm Hg
- C. 140 mm Hg
- D. 46 mmHg
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Inspired air has O2 partial pressure of 156 mm Hg.
2. In alveoli, O2 is exchanged with CO2.
3. CO2 partial pressure in alveoli is lower than in inspired air.
4. Therefore, CO2 partial pressure in inspired air must be much lower.
5. Choice A (0.3 mm Hg) is the only option significantly lower than O2 pressure, making it the correct answer.
Summary:
- Choice A is correct as it reflects the lower CO2 partial pressure compared to O2.
- Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not show a significant difference in partial pressure compared to O2.
A client has been diagnosed with lung cancer and requires lobectomy. How much of the lung is removed?
- A. One entire lung.
- B. A lobe of the lung.
- C. A small, localized area near the surface of the lung.
- D. One entire lung.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: A lobe of the lung. During a lobectomy, a lobe of the lung is surgically removed, typically to treat lung cancer while preserving the remaining lung tissue. Removing one entire lung (choices A and D) is not necessary for a lobectomy and would be a more extensive procedure. Choice C, removing a small localized area near the surface of the lung, does not accurately reflect the extent of tissue removal required for a lobectomy. Therefore, the correct choice is B as it specifically addresses the removal of a lobe during the surgical procedure.