Nokea
Decreased functioning of which physical structure is likely to result in decreased metabolism in older adults?
- A. Kidney
- B. Thyroid gland
- C. Brain
- D. Skeleton
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thyroid gland. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism. In older adults, decreased thyroid function, known as hypothyroidism, can lead to a decrease in metabolism. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and slowed heart rate.
A: Kidney - While the kidneys play a role in filtering waste and maintaining fluid balance, decreased kidney function typically does not directly impact metabolism.
C: Brain - The brain plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, but it does not directly control metabolism.
D: Skeleton - The skeleton provides structural support and protects organs but does not directly influence metabolism.
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The microvascular changes that occur as a result of uncontrolled diabetes include all of the following except___:
- A. Retinopathy
- B. nephropathy
- C. neuropathy
- D. cerebral vascular disease
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: cerebral vascular disease. Microvascular changes in diabetes mainly affect small blood vessels in organs like the eyes (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), and nerves (neuropathy). Cerebral vascular disease involves larger blood vessels in the brain, not typically considered a result of microvascular changes in diabetes. Retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy are well-documented complications of uncontrolled diabetes due to damage to small blood vessels in these specific organs.
The nurse is performing a basic assessment on an older client. Which of the following is a common age-related change?
- A. Decreased skin elasticity and thinning
- B. Increased muscle mass
- C. Increased cardiac output
- D. Increased renal filtration rate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Aging causes decreased collagen production, leading to decreased skin elasticity and thinning.
2. Loss of subcutaneous fat contributes to the appearance of aging skin.
3. Wrinkles and sagging are common signs of decreased skin elasticity in older adults.
4. Increased muscle mass, increased cardiac output, and increased renal filtration rate are not typical age-related changes.
Summary: Skin changes such as decreased elasticity and thinning are common in older adults due to reduced collagen production and loss of subcutaneous fat. Increased muscle mass, cardiac output, and renal filtration rate are not typical age-related changes.
Which factor is most closely associated with cognitive decline in older adults?
- A. Genetic predisposition to neurodegenerative diseases
- B. Limited physical activity and poor nutrition
- C. Social engagement and mental stimulation
- D. Early retirement and lack of work-related stress
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because limited physical activity and poor nutrition have been consistently linked to cognitive decline in older adults. Physical activity promotes blood flow to the brain, which helps with cognitive function. Additionally, a balanced diet rich in nutrients supports brain health. Genetic predisposition (A) can play a role but is not the most closely associated factor. Social engagement and mental stimulation (C) are beneficial for cognitive health but not the primary factor for decline. Early retirement and lack of work-related stress (D) are not directly linked to cognitive decline.
Identify the correct statement describing the abuse of elderly persons in the United States.
- A. Elder abuse is the most often reported form of domestic violence
- B. Statistically, neglect is the most common form of elder abuse
- C. Most cases of elder abuse are reported to the proper authorities
- D. Healthcare practitioners are only mandated to report verified, not suspected, cases of elder abuse
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Statistically, neglect is the most common form of elder abuse. Neglect involves the failure to provide necessary care or assistance to an elderly person, making it a prevalent form of elder abuse. This is supported by research and studies on elder abuse cases.
A is incorrect because elder abuse is often underreported compared to other forms of domestic violence.
C is incorrect as many cases of elder abuse go unreported due to various reasons such as fear, shame, or lack of awareness.
D is incorrect as healthcare practitioners are mandated to report any suspected cases of elder abuse, not just verified cases, to protect the well-being of the elderly.
A case manager is likely to have how many years of nursing education?
- A. 1 to 1.5
- B. 4 to 6
- C. 2
- D. 8 or more
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 2 years. A case manager typically requires a minimum of 2 years of nursing education to effectively coordinate care for patients. This level of education provides the necessary knowledge and skills to assess, plan, implement, and evaluate patient care.
- A: 1 to 1.5 years - Insufficient to acquire the depth of knowledge needed for case management.
- B: 4 to 6 years - Excessive for the role of a case manager, as it typically does not require a bachelor's degree.
- D: 8 or more years - Overqualified for the position of a case manager, as this level of education is beyond what is necessary for the role.