Nokea
Define in your own words the term 'secular changes'.
- A. Long-term trends in disease patterns over years or decades.
- B. Short-term fluctuations in health data.
- C. Changes in healthcare policies.
- D. Seasonal variations in disease incidence.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Secular changes refer to long-term trends in disease patterns, often spanning years or decades, and are distinct from short-term or seasonal variations.
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Describe the significance for epidemiology of the use of vital statistics.
- A. Vital statistics provide data on births and deaths.
- B. Vital statistics are irrelevant to epidemiology.
- C. Vital statistics are used only for economic analysis.
- D. Vital statistics focus solely on infectious diseases.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Vital statistics help track population health trends and identify outbreaks or patterns.
Define the following terms: Experimental study
- A. A planned intervention where the investigator controls exposure to determine its effect.
- B. A study that uses historical data to analyze outcomes.
- C. A study conducted without a control group.
- D. A study where participants choose their own exposure.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An experimental study is characterized by the investigator's control over exposure.
National vitamin A programme was initiated in
- A. 1981
- B. 1992
- C. 1993
- D. 1994
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The National Vitamin A Programme began in 1981.
The best estimate of the association between wedding cake and illness is:
- A. 6.1
- B. 7.7
- C. 68.4
- D. 83.7
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Calculated odds ratio reflects the strength of association.
The statistical analysis of two unrelated big data (n=200) is by:
- A. A paired t-test
- B. Chi-square test
- C. Z-test
- D. Unpaired test
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Unpaired tests compare means between two independent large samples.