Nokea
Define the following terms: Controlled clinical trial
- A. A study where all participants receive the same treatment.
- B. A trial comparing an intervention against a control group.
- C. A trial without any specific hypotheses.
- D. A trial conducted without ethical approval.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Controlled clinical trials compare interventions to a control to establish causality.
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Net reproduction rate (NRR=1) implies a couple protection rate (CPR) of
- A. 50
- B. 60
- C. 70
- D. 80
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An NRR of 1 indicates replacement-level fertility, which corresponds to a CPR of approximately 50% in most populations.
On which day and at which meal was exposure most likely in the norovirus outbreak among tourists?
- A. April 19 Dinner
- B. April 20 Breakfast
- C. April 20 Lunch
- D. April 20 Dinner
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Given the incubation period, dinner on April 20 aligns with symptom onset timing.
What methodologic difficulties exist with respect to investigations of the health effects of these forms of radiation?
- A. Difficulty measuring exposure levels accurately.
- B. Lack of available funding for research.
- C. Public resistance to participation in studies.
- D. Overabundance of conclusive evidence.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Accurately quantifying exposure to EMFs and ionizing radiation poses significant challenges due to variability and complexity.
Which of the following is not a method to control for the effects of confounding?
- A. Randomization
- B. Stratification
- C. Matching
- D. Blinding
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Blinding primarily reduces information bias, not confounding. Methods like randomization, stratification, and matching are specifically used to address confounding.
The measure of central location most commonly used with the interquartile range is the:
- A. Arithmetic mean
- B. Geometric mean
- C. Median
- D. Midrange
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The median is typically paired with the IQR to summarize data.