Nokea
What is meant by determinants in epidemiology?
- A. Factors influencing disease occurrence.
- B. Only genetic factors.
- C. Only environmental factors.
- D. Only behavioral factors.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Determinants encompass all factors—biological, environmental, and social—that contribute to disease occurrence.
You may also like to solve these questions
Define the following terms: synergism
- A. The combined effect of two factors is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
- B. The combined effect of two factors is less than the sum of their individual effects.
- C. The neutralization of one factor by another.
- D. The isolation of one factor from another.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Synergism occurs when two or more factors interact to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
According to guideline recommended by WHO for quality of water E coli in distribution system per 100 ml of water is
- B. 50
- C. 100
- D. 5
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: WHO guidelines specify that no E. coli should be present in drinking water.
Define in your own words the term 'the natural history of disease'.
- A. The progression of a disease without medical intervention.
- B. The impact of treatment on disease outcomes.
- C. The study of disease origins.
- D. The distribution of diseases in populations.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The natural history of disease refers to the course a disease takes in the absence of medical intervention, from onset to resolution.
Define the following terms: Controlled clinical trial
- A. A study where all participants receive the same treatment.
- B. A trial comparing an intervention against a control group.
- C. A trial without any specific hypotheses.
- D. A trial conducted without ethical approval.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Controlled clinical trials compare interventions to a control to establish causality.
What methodologic difficulties exist with respect to investigations of the health effects of these forms of radiation?
- A. Difficulty measuring exposure levels accurately.
- B. Lack of available funding for research.
- C. Public resistance to participation in studies.
- D. Overabundance of conclusive evidence.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Accurately quantifying exposure to EMFs and ionizing radiation poses significant challenges due to variability and complexity.