Nokea
Demographic gap means
- A. Differences in sex ratio
- B. Differences between age-specific birth and death rates
- C. Differences between birth and death rates
- D. Differences in child and women ratio
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Demographic gap refers to the difference between birth and death rates in a population, indicating population growth or decline.
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What type of disease is rabies?
- A. Zoonotic
- B. Non-infectious
- C. Vector-borne
- D. Foodborne
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rabies is a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans.
A constant rate of change would be represented by a curved line
- A. Arithmetic-scale line graph
- B. Semilogarithmic-scale line graph
- C. Both
- D. Neither
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: On arithmetic-scale graphs, constant rates appear as straight lines.
How would you design an ecologic study to investigate the following problems? How might the ecologic fallacy come into play in each situation? a. lung disease and air pollution b. birth defects and hazardous waste c. cancer and radiation leakage from a power plant
- A. Ecologic fallacy arises when group-level findings incorrectly infer individual-level relationships.
- B. Ecologic studies cannot address causality.
- C. All ecologic studies suffer from severe biases.
- D. Ecologic studies are irrelevant for public health.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ecologic studies analyze aggregated data, risking incorrect inferences about individuals (ecologic fallacy).
Jakarta declaration 1997 is related to:
- A. RH
- B. Health promotion
- C. PHC
- D. Population development
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Jakarta Declaration continued the focus on health promotion strategies.
A follow-up study was conducted of 3,000 military troops deployed at an atomic test site in Nevada to detect the occurrence of leukemia. A total of 1,870 persons were successfully traced by the investigators, and an additional 443 contacted the investigators on their own as a result of publicity about the study. Four cases of leukemia occurred among the 1,870 individuals traced by the investigators, and an additional four occurred among those individuals who contacted the investigators on their own. Could interpretation of the study results be subject to bias?
- A. Yes, due to differential participation rates between the traced group and self-referrals.
- B. No, because the number of leukemia cases is evenly distributed.
- C. Yes, but only if the traced group had higher radiation exposure.
- D. No, because the study design accounts for all possible biases.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Differential participation can lead to selection bias, especially if the characteristics of those who self-refer differ systematically from those traced by investigators.