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Demography is concerned with the study of population. Which of the following are included in demographic profile?
- A. Size, composition, health status, and environment.
- B. Change in population, distribution, and health status
- C. Size, distribution, composition, and change in population.
- D. Size, distribution, and composition.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The demographic profile of a population encompasses various aspects, including size, distribution, composition, and change over time.
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A patient presents with acute pain, swelling, and deformity of the ankle following a twisting injury. X-ray reveals a fracture involving the distal fibula with associated widening of the ankle mortise. Which type of ankle fracture is most likely?
- A. Maisonneuve fracture
- B. Pilon fracture
- C. Tillaux fracture
- D. Trimalleolar fracture
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A trimalleolar fracture is characterized by fractures involving the lateral malleolus (distal fibula), medial malleolus (distal tibia), and the posterior tubercle of the distal tibia. This fracture pattern results in instability of the ankle joint and is often associated with widening of the ankle mortise on X-ray. The deformity and swelling seen in this patient are indicative of a trimalleolar fracture and are typically caused by a high-energy injury, such as a forceful twisting motion. Treatment for trimalleolar fractures often involves surgical intervention to stabilize the ankle joint and restore normal function.
The APPROPRIATE nursing diagnosis to protect the patient from further injury is, which of the following?
- A. Altered mucous membrane related to chemotherapy.
- B. Interrupted family processes related to life threatening i1lness of a family member.
- C. Fatigue related to disease process.
- D. Risk for injury related to thrombocytopenia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by a low platelet count, which can lead to an increased risk of bleeding. Patients with thrombocytopenia are at risk for injury due to potential bleeding complications. Therefore, the appropriate nursing diagnosis to protect the patient from further injury in this case would be "Risk for injury related to thrombocytopenia." This nursing diagnosis allows the nurse to assess for signs of bleeding, implement interventions to prevent injury, and closely monitor the patient's platelet levels to prevent complications.
Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for the phenomenon of immunological memory, wherein the immune system mounts a faster and more robust response upon re-exposure to a previously encountered pathogen?
- A. Clonal expansion of memory B cells
- B. Differentiation of na(cid:239)ve T cells into effector T cells
- C. Production of antibodies by plasma cells
- D. Activation of the complement system
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Immunological memory is primarily maintained by the clonal expansion of memory B cells. Memory B cells are a type of long-lived immune cell that originates from previously activated B cells during an immune response to a pathogen. When the immune system encounters the same pathogen again, memory B cells can quickly recognize and respond to it by undergoing rapid clonal expansion and differentiation into plasma cells that produce specific antibodies. This quick and robust response leads to the more efficient elimination of the pathogen during secondary exposure, resulting in the faster and stronger immune response characteristic of immunological memory.
A patient is prescribed a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for the management of pain. Which adverse effect should the nurse monitor closely in the patient?
- A. Hypotension
- B. Hyperkalemia
- C. Gastrointestinal bleeding
- D. Hyperglycemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: NSAIDs are commonly known to increase the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects, including gastritis, ulcers, and gastrointestinal bleeding. This risk is due to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which plays a protective role in the gastrointestinal mucosa. Gastrointestinal bleeding can manifest as symptoms such as black, tarry stools, vomiting blood, or abdominal pain. Therefore, it is crucial for the nurse to closely monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal bleeding while taking NSAIDs to prevent potentially serious complications. Hypotension, hyperkalemia, and hyperglycemia are not commonly associated with NSAIDs use, making them less likely adverse effects to monitor for in this scenario.
Nurse Lina is on duty at the ER and has been very busy that morning resulting to the administration of a penicillin injection which is ordered to another patient. With this error, the nurse can be charged of _______.
- A. malpractice
- B. negligence
- C. assault
- D. battery
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Negligence refers to the failure to act or perform duties according to the standard of care expected from a reasonable person in similar circumstances. In this case, Nurse Lina administering a penicillin injection that was ordered for another patient is a clear instance of negligence. It involves a breach of duty by not verifying the correct patient and medication before administration. While malpractice can also encompass negligence, it typically involves a broader scope of professional misconduct or harm caused by a healthcare provider. Assault and battery involve intentional harmful acts, which are not applicable in this situation.