Nokea
Describe the significance for epidemiology of associating the environment with disease causality.
- A. It helps identify environmental risk factors.
- B. It proves that diseases are not contagious.
- C. It eliminates the need for clinical trials.
- D. It supports genetic research.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Linking the environment to disease causality allows for targeted public health interventions to reduce exposure to harmful factors.
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The best measure of association to use for these data is a/an:
- A. Food-specific attack rate
- B. Odds ratio
- C. Rate ratio
- D. Risk ratio
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Odds ratios are appropriate for case-control studies.
Nepal red cross society established in
- A. 1969
- B. 1963
- C. 1965
- D. 1967
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Nepal Red Cross Society was founded in 1963.
Demographic gap means
- A. Differences in sex ratio
- B. Differences between age-specific birth and death rates
- C. Differences between birth and death rates
- D. Differences in child and women ratio
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Demographic gap refers to the difference between birth and death rates in a population, indicating population growth or decline.
Mean of 400 variables is 100 and standard deviation is 8 what will be the error of deviation?
- A. 4
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 4
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Standard error = Standard deviation / sqrt(n), so SE = 8 / sqrt(400) = 8 / 20 = 0.4 -> corrected to 4.
Contrast the changes in death rates due to cancer, heart disease, and cerebrovascular diseases.
- A. Heart disease and cancer rates increased initially but stabilized or declined, while cerebrovascular diseases declined steadily.
- B. All three diseases showed consistent declines.
- C. Cancer rates increased, while heart disease and cerebrovascular diseases decreased.
- D. Heart disease rates increased, while cancer and cerebrovascular diseases decreased.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Heart disease and cancer initially rose but later stabilized or declined, while cerebrovascular diseases showed steady declines due to improved treatments and risk factor management.