Nokea
Diabetes is associated with pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to the development of cardiovascular events. Question: What is the approximate percentage of diabetes patients who also have hypertension?
- A. 25%
- B. 50%
- C. 75%
- D. 100%
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Diabetes and hypertension 75% overlap, sugar and pressure tag-team hearts. Nurses watch this, a chronic duo hit.
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The nurse is orienting a new nurse to the oncology unit. When reviewing the safe administration of antineoplastic agents, what action should the nurse emphasize?
- A. Adjust the dose to the patient's present symptoms
- B. Wash hands with an alcohol-based cleanser following administration
- C. Use gloves and a lab coat when preparing the medication
- D. Dispose of the antineoplastic wastes in the hazardous waste receptacle
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Antineoplastics are hazardous proper disposal in designated receptacles is critical to protect staff, patients, and the environment from toxic exposure. Gloves and gowns are standard for prep, but the question stresses one action, and disposal trumps as a universal safety net. Dosing's fixed by protocol, not symptoms tweaking's dangerous. Alcohol-based cleansers don't cut it post-exposure; soap and water are needed pre- and post-handling to remove residue. Emphasizing disposal aligns with OSHA and oncology nursing standards, ensuring chemo waste (e.g., IV bags, syringes) doesn't leak into regular trash, a key lesson for newbies in this high-stakes field.
Four clients are receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Which of these four clients should the nurse assess first?
- A. Client with dry, itchy, peeling skin
- B. Client with a serum calcium of $9.2 mg/dL
- C. Client with a serum potassium of $2.8 mEq/L
- D. Client with a weight gain of 0.5 pound (1.1 kg) in 1 day
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) target cancer cell signaling pathways but can cause electrolyte imbalances, among other side effects. A serum potassium of 2.8 mEq/L (normal 3.5-5.0 mEq/L) is critically low, risking cardiac arrhythmias or muscle dysfunction, making this client the priority for immediate assessment. Dry, itchy, peeling skin is a common TKI side effect, uncomfortable but not immediately life-threatening, warranting later attention for infection risk. A calcium level of 9.2 mg/dL is normal (8.5-10.2 mg/dL), requiring no urgent action. A 0.5-pound weight gain in a day is minor and less critical unless part of a pattern suggesting fluid retention. The nurse prioritizes the potassium imbalance due to its potential for rapid, severe consequences, reflecting oncology's emphasis on addressing physiological instability first.
The mechanism of action of Rosiglitazone is a
- A. Insulin releasing agent
- B. PPAR γ agonist
- C. Increases cellular uptake of glucose
- D. Reduces release of insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rosiglitazone's PPAR γ agonist flips gene switches, boosts insulin sensitivity, a chronic cell tweak. It's not an insulin releaser, direct uptake driver, or suppressor sulphonylureas release, metformin ups uptake, none cut insulin. Pharmacists bank on this, a sensitivity shift for type 2's root.
Oxygen radicals play a role in the development of which of the following options?
- A. Diabetic dyslipidaemia
- B. Insulin resistance
- C. Mitochondrial dysfunction
- D. B+C
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Oxygen radicals torch cells insulin resistance via inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction via damage. Dyslipidaemia rides along, not direct nurses see this duo, a chronic stress pair.
The single most effective intervention to reduce the risk of developing COPD and stop its progression is
- A. Increased physical activity
- B. Prompt intervention for chest infection
- C. Smoking Cessation
- D. Avoidance of indoor and outdoor pollutants
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: COPD's king fix quit smoking slashes risk and stalls damage, trumping exercise, infection zaps, or pollution dodges. It's the top toxin, 80% of cases, a chronic killer nurses chase down hard.