Nokea
Diaphragm present in mammals is
- A. Membrane between external and middle ear
- B. Membrane around the brain
- C. Partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
- D. Membrane around lungs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The diaphragm in mammals is a muscular structure that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. This is essential for breathing as it contracts and relaxes to facilitate the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
Choice A is incorrect because the membrane between the external and middle ear is called the eardrum or tympanic membrane. Choice B is incorrect as the membrane around the brain is the meninges. Choice D is incorrect as the membrane around the lungs is the pleura.
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Which of the following is a sign or symptom of asthma?
- A. Production of abnormally thick
- B. sticky mucus in lungs
- C. Faulty transport of sodium in lung cells
- D. Paroxysms or shortness of breath
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Paroxysms of shortness of breath are classic symptoms of asthma. A (thick mucus) is associated with cystic fibrosis. B (faulty sodium transport) relates to cystic fibrosis. D (altered electrolytes) is unrelated to asthma.
A nurse observes that a client's anteroposterior (AP) chest diameter is the same as the lateral chest diameter. Which question should the nurse ask the client in response to this finding?
- A. Are you taking any medications or herbal supplements?
- B. Do you have any chronic breathing problems?
- C. How often do you perform aerobic exercise?
- D. What is your occupation and what are your hobbies?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Do you have any chronic breathing problems? This question is relevant because equal AP and lateral chest diameters can indicate a condition called barrel chest, often associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Clients with COPD may have increased chest diameters due to air trapping. Asking about chronic breathing problems can help the nurse further assess the client's respiratory status.
Choice A is incorrect because medications or herbal supplements are not directly related to equal AP and lateral chest diameters. Choice C is incorrect as aerobic exercise frequency does not typically impact chest diameters in this manner. Choice D is also incorrect as occupation and hobbies are not likely to be directly linked to equal chest diameters.
All of the following pairings are correct (assuming normal person at rest) EXCEPT
- A. Tidal volume = 500 ml
- B. Alveolar ventilation = 7500 ml
- C. Pulmonary blood flow = 5000 ml/min
- D. Functional residual capacity = volume of gas in lung after normal expiration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Alveolar ventilation = 7500 ml. Alveolar ventilation is the volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli per minute. It is calculated by subtracting the dead space ventilation from the tidal volume and then multiplying by the respiratory rate. In a normal person at rest, the average alveolar ventilation is around 4200 ml/min, not 7500 ml/min. Therefore, choice B is incorrect. Choices A, C, and D are correct because tidal volume is typically around 500 ml, pulmonary blood flow is about 5000 ml/min, and functional residual capacity is the volume of gas in the lung after normal expiration.
The nurse is caring for a patient who has just returned to the unit after a colon resection. The patient is showing signs of hypoxia. The nurse knows that this is probably caused by what?
- A. Nitrogen narcosis
- B. Infection
- C. Impaired diffusion
- D. Shunting
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Shunting. Hypoxia after a colon resection is likely due to shunting, which is a condition where blood bypasses the normal oxygenation process in the lungs, leading to decreased oxygen levels in the blood. Shunting can occur due to factors such as collapsed alveoli or blood vessel blockages.
Nitrogen narcosis (A) is not related to hypoxia but rather occurs in scuba divers exposed to high partial pressures of nitrogen. Infection (B) may cause fever and inflammation but is not the primary cause of hypoxia in this scenario. Impaired diffusion (C) refers to issues with gas exchange in the alveoli and is not the most likely cause of hypoxia after a colon resection.
A client with bronchitis is admitted to the hospital. What would the nurse expect the admitting assessment NOT to reveal?
- A. Cough
- B. Bloody sputum
- C. Chest pain
- D. Bradycardia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Bradycardia. In bronchitis, the body typically responds to inflammation by increasing heart rate (tachycardia) to improve oxygen delivery. Bradycardia is not a common finding in bronchitis and would be unexpected. Choices A, B, and C are commonly associated with bronchitis due to the inflammation in the airways causing cough, production of bloody sputum, and chest pain. These symptoms are typical manifestations of bronchitis and would be expected in the admitting assessment.