Nokea
All of the following are unpaired cartilage except.
- A. cricoid cartilage
- B. epiglottis
- C. Corniculate cartilage
- D. thyroid
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Corniculate cartilage. Corniculate cartilage is a paired cartilage found in the larynx, specifically at the apex of the arytenoids. The other choices, such as cricoid cartilage, epiglottis, and thyroid cartilage, are all unpaired cartilages. Cricoid cartilage is a complete ring, the epiglottis is a leaf-shaped cartilage, and the thyroid cartilage is the largest cartilage in the larynx. Therefore, Corniculate cartilage is the only paired cartilage among the options provided.
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The nurse is caring for a patient with a lower respiratory tract infection. When planning a focused respiratory assessment, the nurse should know that this type of infection most often causes what?
- A. Impaired gas exchange
- B. Collapsed bronchial structures
- C. Necrosis of the alveoli
- D. Closed bronchial tree
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Lower respiratory tract infection affects the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Step 2: Infections can lead to inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs.
Step 3: This impairs the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Step 4: Impaired gas exchange can lead to hypoxemia and respiratory distress.
Step 5: Therefore, the correct answer is A: Impaired gas exchange. Other choices are incorrect because they do not directly relate to the physiological consequences of a lower respiratory tract infection.
Residual volume in lungs of an average human is
- A. 500 ml
- B. 3-4.5 ml
- C. 1000 ml
- D. 1500 ml
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D (1500 ml) because residual volume refers to the amount of air left in the lungs after maximal exhalation, which is around 1200-1500 ml in an average human. This volume is necessary to keep the alveoli inflated and prevent lung collapse. Choices A (500 ml), B (3-4.5 ml), and C (1000 ml) are incorrect because they do not accurately represent the typical residual volume in the lungs of an average human. Choice A is too low, choices B and C are significantly below the actual range of residual volume.
Which diagnostic test is commonly used to assess heart function in heart failure?
- A. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
- B. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- C. Colonoscopy
- D. Blood glucose test
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). An ECG is commonly used to assess heart function in heart failure because it provides information on the heart's electrical activity, rhythm, and any abnormalities. It can detect conditions such as arrhythmias, ischemia, and previous heart attacks. Other choices are incorrect: B (MRI) is more for imaging the structure of the heart, C (Colonoscopy) is for examining the colon, and D (Blood glucose test) is for measuring blood sugar levels, not heart function.
Which of the following is a sign or symptom of asthma?
- A. Production of abnormally thick
- B. sticky mucus in lungs
- C. Faulty transport of sodium in lung cells
- D. Paroxysms or shortness of breath
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Paroxysms of shortness of breath are classic symptoms of asthma. A (thick mucus) is associated with cystic fibrosis. B (faulty sodium transport) relates to cystic fibrosis. D (altered electrolytes) is unrelated to asthma.
The primary chemical stimulus for breathing is the concentration of
- A. carbon monoxide in the blood
- B. carbon dioxide in the blood
- C. oxygen in the blood
- D. carbonic acid in the blood
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: carbon dioxide in the blood. In the body, carbon dioxide levels are monitored by chemoreceptors in the brainstem. When carbon dioxide levels rise, it triggers an increase in breathing rate to expel excess carbon dioxide and restore the balance of gases in the blood. This process is known as the respiratory drive. Carbon monoxide (A) is a toxic gas that interferes with oxygen transport but does not directly affect breathing stimulus. Oxygen (C) levels in the blood are important for maintaining tissue oxygenation but do not directly regulate breathing. Carbonic acid (D) is a product of carbon dioxide and water, and its levels do not directly stimulate breathing.