Nokea
Phrenic nerve are
- A. in diaphragmatic area
- B. at c3 to c5
- C. Both A and B
- D. non
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm and arises from cervical nerve roots C3 to C5. Choice C is correct as it accurately states that the phrenic nerve is located in the diaphragmatic area and originates from C3 to C5. Choice A is incorrect as it only mentions the diaphragmatic area without specifying the cervical levels. Choice B is incorrect as it only mentions the cervical levels without specifying the diaphragmatic area. Choice D is incorrect as the phrenic nerve does exist.
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Actual exchange of gases in the lungs occurs in the
- A. bronchi.
- B. alveoli.
- C. bronchioles.
- D. tracheas.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: alveoli. Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place through diffusion. This process is crucial for oxygenating the blood and removing carbon dioxide. Bronchi (A), bronchioles (C), and trachea (D) are all parts of the respiratory system, but they do not participate directly in gas exchange. Bronchi are the main airways that branch off from the trachea, bronchioles are smaller airways that lead to the alveoli, and the trachea is the main airway that carries air to and from the lungs.
Which action should you take next?
- A. Reassure the client that the ventilator will do the work of breathing for her.
- B. Manually ventilate the client while you assess possible reasons for the high pressure alarm.
- C. Increase the FiO2 on the ventilator to 100% in preparation for endotracheal suctioning.
- D. Insert an oral airway to prevent the client from biting on the endotracheal tube.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. High pressure alarms and desaturation require immediate manual ventilation and assessment for causes. Reassurance (A) is insufficient. Increasing FiO2 (C) and inserting an oral airway (D) are secondary actions.
The nurse is caring for a client who is one hour post cardiac catheterization. What task should the nurse delegate to a licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN/VN)?
- A. Teach the patient about the post procedure plan of care.
- B. Perform the initial assessment of the catheter insertion site.
- C. Give the scheduled lipid-lowering medication.
- D. Titrate the diltiazem infusion according to the agency protocol.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Give the scheduled lipid-lowering medication. LPN/VNs can administer medications, including lipid-lowering drugs, under the supervision of a registered nurse. Teaching (choice A) requires a higher level of critical thinking and education, which is typically done by an RN. Performing an initial assessment (choice B) requires advanced assessment skills that an LPN/VN may not have. Titration of medications (choice D) involves adjusting dosages based on specific parameters, which is beyond the scope of practice for an LPN/VN.
The nurse is caring for a patient with a lower respiratory tract infection. When planning a focused respiratory assessment, the nurse should know that this type of infection most often causes what?
- A. Impaired gas exchange
- B. Collapsed bronchial structures
- C. Necrosis of the alveoli
- D. Closed bronchial tree
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Lower respiratory tract infection affects the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Step 2: Infections can lead to inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs.
Step 3: This impairs the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Step 4: Impaired gas exchange can lead to hypoxemia and respiratory distress.
Step 5: Therefore, the correct answer is A: Impaired gas exchange. Other choices are incorrect because they do not directly relate to the physiological consequences of a lower respiratory tract infection.
If PO2 increases
- A. saturation goes up and hemoglobin stores oxygen
- B. hemoglobin stores oxygen
- C. hemoglobin gives away oxygen
- D. saturation goes up
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Increased PO2 leads to higher oxygen levels in blood.
Step 2: Higher PO2 causes hemoglobin to become fully saturated with oxygen.
Step 3: Fully saturated hemoglobin stores more oxygen.
Step 4: Therefore, as PO2 increases, saturation goes up and hemoglobin stores more oxygen. Other choices are incorrect because they do not align with the relationship between PO2, hemoglobin saturation, and oxygen storage in the blood.