Nokea
Hemoglobin
- A. tends to release oxygen under warmer temperatures
- B. picks up more oxygen the higher its partial pressure.
- C. picks up more oxygen when it is saturated
- D. will give up oxygen when the partial pressure of oxygen is higher than it is in the lungs.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because hemoglobin follows the principle of partial pressure, which states that gases move from areas of higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure. Therefore, hemoglobin will pick up more oxygen when the partial pressure of oxygen is higher, such as in the lungs. Choice A is incorrect because hemoglobin actually releases oxygen at higher temperatures. Choice C is incorrect because hemoglobin picks up oxygen when it is not fully saturated. Choice D is incorrect because hemoglobin releases oxygen when the partial pressure of oxygen is higher, not when it is lower.
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Miriam, a college student with acute rhinitis sees the campus nurse because of excessive nasal drainage. The nurse asks the patient about the color of the drainage. In acute rhinitis, nasal drainage normally is:
- A. Yellow
- B. Green
- C. Clear
- D. Gray
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Clear. In acute rhinitis, the nasal drainage is typically clear because it is caused by viral infections or allergies, which result in clear mucus production. Yellow or green drainage may indicate a bacterial infection, which is not typically associated with acute rhinitis. Gray drainage is uncommon in nasal discharge and may suggest a more serious underlying condition. Therefore, the nurse asked about the color of the drainage to assess the nature of the infection and determine the appropriate course of treatment.
A patient with a lung mass found on chest x-ray is undergoing further testing. The nurse explains that a diagnosis of lung cancer can be confirmed using which diagnostic test?
- A. Lung tomograms
- B. Pulmonary angiography
- C. Biopsy done via bronchoscopy
- D. Computed tomography (CT) scans
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A biopsy done via bronchoscopy is a common method to confirm a diagnosis of lung cancer by obtaining tissue samples for analysis.
All of the following pairings are correct (assuming normal person at rest) EXCEPT
- A. Tidal volume = 500 ml
- B. Alveolar ventilation = 7500 ml
- C. Pulmonary blood flow = 5000 ml/min
- D. Functional residual capacity = volume of gas in lung after normal expiration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Alveolar ventilation = 7500 ml. Alveolar ventilation is the volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli per minute. It is calculated by subtracting the dead space ventilation from the tidal volume and then multiplying by the respiratory rate. In a normal person at rest, the average alveolar ventilation is around 4200 ml/min, not 7500 ml/min. Therefore, choice B is incorrect. Choices A, C, and D are correct because tidal volume is typically around 500 ml, pulmonary blood flow is about 5000 ml/min, and functional residual capacity is the volume of gas in the lung after normal expiration.
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
- A. 35 mm Hg
- B. 45 mm Hg
- C. 55 mm Hg
- D. 70 mm Hg
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (45 mm Hg) because the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is around 40-45 mm Hg. This value is higher than in the arterial blood (around 40 mm Hg) due to the production of CO2 by tissues. Choice A (35 mm Hg) is too low for interstitial CO2 levels. Choice C (55 mm Hg) and D (70 mm Hg) are too high and not consistent with normal physiological values. Overall, the correct answer aligns with the typical range of interstitial CO2 pressure in peripheral tissues.
Which of these assessments made by the nurse indicates that respiratory arrest is imminent in an asthmatic?
- A. Agitation.
- B. Tachycardia.
- C. Absence of wheezing.
- D. Flaring nares.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Absence of wheezing. In asthmatics, wheezing is a common sign of airway obstruction. The absence of wheezing indicates a severe obstruction leading to reduced airflow, which can progress to respiratory arrest. Agitation (A) and tachycardia (B) are common signs of distress but do not specifically indicate imminent respiratory arrest. Flaring nares (D) may suggest increased work of breathing, but it is not as specific as the absence of wheezing in predicting imminent respiratory arrest in asthmatics.