Nokea
Which of the following changes does not occur at birth when an infant takes his or her first breaths?
- A. Blood flow to the lungs decreases
- B. The resistance in the pulmonary arteries decreases
- C. Changes in blood flow cause the foramen ovale to close
- D. Air enters the alveoli
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because at birth, when an infant takes their first breaths, blood flow to the lungs increases due to the expansion of the pulmonary vasculature. This allows for proper oxygenation of the blood. Choice B is incorrect as the resistance in the pulmonary arteries decreases to accommodate the increased blood flow to the lungs. Choice C is incorrect as changes in blood flow do cause the foramen ovale to close, ensuring proper circulation. Choice D is incorrect as air entering the alveoli is essential for oxygen exchange to occur in the lungs.
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A nurse observes that a client's anteroposterior (AP) chest diameter is the same as the lateral chest diameter. Which question should the nurse ask the client in response to this finding?
- A. Are you taking any medications or herbal supplements?
- B. Do you have any chronic breathing problems?
- C. How often do you perform aerobic exercise?
- D. What is your occupation and what are your hobbies?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Do you have any chronic breathing problems? This question is relevant because equal AP and lateral chest diameters can indicate a condition called barrel chest, often associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Clients with COPD may have increased chest diameters due to air trapping. Asking about chronic breathing problems can help the nurse further assess the client's respiratory status.
Choice A is incorrect because medications or herbal supplements are not directly related to equal AP and lateral chest diameters. Choice C is incorrect as aerobic exercise frequency does not typically impact chest diameters in this manner. Choice D is also incorrect as occupation and hobbies are not likely to be directly linked to equal chest diameters.
Which diagnostic test is commonly used to assess heart function in heart failure?
- A. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
- B. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- C. Colonoscopy
- D. Blood glucose test
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). An ECG is commonly used to assess heart function in heart failure because it provides information on the heart's electrical activity, rhythm, and any abnormalities. It can detect conditions such as arrhythmias, ischemia, and previous heart attacks. Other choices are incorrect: B (MRI) is more for imaging the structure of the heart, C (Colonoscopy) is for examining the colon, and D (Blood glucose test) is for measuring blood sugar levels, not heart function.
All of the following pairings are correct (assuming normal person at rest) EXCEPT
- A. Tidal volume = 500 ml
- B. Alveolar ventilation = 7500 ml
- C. Pulmonary blood flow = 5000 ml/min
- D. Functional residual capacity = volume of gas in lung after normal expiration
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Alveolar ventilation = 7500 ml. Alveolar ventilation is the volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli per minute. It is calculated by subtracting the dead space ventilation from the tidal volume and then multiplying by the respiratory rate. In a normal person at rest, the average alveolar ventilation is around 4200 ml/min, not 7500 ml/min. Therefore, choice B is incorrect. Choices A, C, and D are correct because tidal volume is typically around 500 ml, pulmonary blood flow is about 5000 ml/min, and functional residual capacity is the volume of gas in the lung after normal expiration.
Which of the following is a sign or symptom of asthma?
- A. Production of abnormally thick
- B. sticky mucus in lungs
- C. Faulty transport of sodium in lung cells
- D. Paroxysms or shortness of breath
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Paroxysms of shortness of breath are classic symptoms of asthma. A (thick mucus) is associated with cystic fibrosis. B (faulty sodium transport) relates to cystic fibrosis. D (altered electrolytes) is unrelated to asthma.
When examining the posterior pharynx and tonsils, which of the following objective data does the nurse note?
- A. Difficulty in sneezing
- B. Suppressed gag reflex
- C. Deformities
- D. Inflammation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Inflammation is a key finding during examination of the posterior pharynx and tonsils, especially in infections such as tonsillitis. A (difficulty in sneezing) is unrelated to pharyngeal assessment. B (suppressed gag reflex) might indicate neurological issues but isn't typically noted during routine exams. C (deformities) is rare unless there's structural abnormality.