Nokea
Difference Between Endocrine and Exocrine Glands is That
- A. Endocrine glands release hormones while exocrine glands release waste
- B. Endocrine glands are interconnected but exocrine glands are totally independent from each other.
- C. Endocrine glands are formed by epithelial tissue, exocrine glands are connective tissues primarily
- D. Endocrine glands are ductless, exocrine glands release secretions into ducts or at the surface of the body
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts or onto the surface of the body. This key difference in how they release their products is essential in distinguishing between endocrine and exocrine glands.
A: Endocrine glands release hormones, not waste products.
B: The interconnection of glands is not a defining characteristic to differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands.
C: Endocrine glands are not exclusively formed by epithelial tissue, and exocrine glands are not solely connective tissues.
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Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by __________.
- A. activating cyclic AMP located outside the cell
- B. binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex
- C. activating G proteins
- D. using calcium ions as a second messenger
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because steroid hormones bind to DNA and form a gene-hormone complex, which then regulates gene expression. This directly influences cellular activities at the genetic level. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because steroid hormones do not activate cyclic AMP, G proteins, or use calcium ions as second messengers for their cellular actions. Steroid hormones act through genomic mechanisms, not via the signaling pathways associated with choices A, C, and D.
What is the distance travelled by the car in the 20 s shown?
- A. 80 m
- B. 100 m
- C. 160 m
- D. 200 m
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 160 m. To calculate distance traveled, we use the formula: distance = speed x time. In this case, the speed of the car is 8 m/s (given in the graph) and the time is 20 s. Therefore, distance = 8 m/s x 20 s = 160 m. Choice A is incorrect as it is too low. Choice B is incorrect as it does not account for the full 20 s. Choice D is incorrect as it is too high based on the given speed and time.
Which hormone is responsible for milk production in the mammary glands?
- A. somatotropin
- B. prolactin
- C. luteinizing hormone
- D. follicle-stimulating hormone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Prolactin is the correct answer because it is the hormone responsible for milk production in the mammary glands. It is secreted by the pituitary gland in response to the suckling stimulus from the baby. Prolactin stimulates the alveoli in the mammary glands to produce milk. Somatotropin (A), luteinizing hormone (C), and follicle-stimulating hormone (D) do not play a direct role in milk production. Somatotropin is involved in growth, luteinizing hormone is involved in ovulation, and follicle-stimulating hormone is involved in the development of ovarian follicles.
The binding of a steroid hormone to its receptor would lead to the __________.
- A. transcription of the DNA for the gene that is 'turned on' by this event
- B. direct activation of second-messenger agents in the cell
- C. direct activation of enzymes in the cell
- D. formation of cAMP
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the binding of a steroid hormone to its receptor triggers a series of events that ultimately lead to the transcription of DNA for the gene that is 'turned on'. This process involves the hormone-receptor complex entering the nucleus, binding to specific DNA sequences, recruiting transcription factors, and initiating gene expression.
Choice B is incorrect because steroid hormones do not typically use second messengers for signaling. Choice C is incorrect because while some hormones can activate enzymes indirectly, steroid hormones primarily act through gene transcription. Choice D is incorrect because cAMP is typically associated with signaling pathways involving non-steroid hormones like adrenaline.
Oxytocin ________.
- A. release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
- B. is an adenohypophyseal secretion
- C. exerts its most important effects during menstruation
- D. controls milk production
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because oxytocin release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism. When oxytocin is released during childbirth, it stimulates contractions, which in turn lead to more oxytocin release, creating a positive feedback loop. This helps in the progression of labor.
Choice B is incorrect because oxytocin is a neurohypophyseal hormone, not an adenohypophyseal secretion. Choice C is incorrect as oxytocin's main effects are related to labor, delivery, and lactation, not menstruation. Choice D is incorrect because oxytocin primarily controls uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding, not milk production itself.