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Do vital statistics become surveillance data when analyzed and disseminated?
- A. True.
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Vital statistics become surveillance data once they are analyzed, interpreted, and used to influence public health decisions.
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Describe the significance for epidemiology of the use of natural experiments.
- A. Natural experiments allow for randomized controlled trials.
- B. Natural experiments eliminate the need for data collection.
- C. Natural experiments provide real-world data without artificial manipulation.
- D. Natural experiments are only used in laboratory settings.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Natural experiments study real-world conditions, providing valuable insights into disease causation and prevention.
You are investigating the role of physical activity in heart disease, and your data suggest a protective effect. While presenting your findings, a colleague asks whether you have thought about confounders, such as factor X. Under which of the following conditions could this factor have confounded your interpretation of the data?
- A. It is a risk factor for some other disease, but not heart disease.
- B. It is a risk factor associated with the physical activity measure and heart disease.
- C. It is part of the causal pathway by which physical activity affects heart disease.
- D. It has caused a lack of follow-up of test subjects.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A confounder must be associated with both the exposure (physical activity) and the outcome (heart disease), and it should not lie on the causal pathway between them.
The impact of an exposure on a population does not depend upon:
- A. the strength of the association between exposure and disease.
- B. the prevalence of the exposure.
- C. the case fatality rate.
- D. the overall incidence rate of disease in the population.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The case fatality rate refers to the proportion of individuals with a disease who die from it. While important, it does not directly determine the impact of an exposure on a population. The impact depends more on prevalence, incidence, and strength of association.
The attributable proportion for wedding cake is:
- A. 6.10%
- B. 7.70%
- C. 68.40%
- D. 83.70%
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Attributable proportion quantifies the risk due to exposure.
A case report form devised for an outbreak investigation usually includes which of the following types of information?
- A. Identifying information
- B. Demographic information
- C. Clinical information
- D. Risk factor information
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Case report forms typically collect detailed demographic, clinical, and risk factor information.