Nokea
Does the reduction in oxidative damage that occurs with energy restriction in animals also occur in people whose diets include _____?
- A. fiber and carbohydrates
- B. fatty acids and protein
- C. probiotics
- D. antioxidants and phytochemicals
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is 'antioxidants and phytochemicals'. Antioxidants and phytochemicals help reduce oxidative damage in the body, contributing to healthy aging and a lower risk of chronic diseases. This is the same effect observed in animals when their energy intake is restricted. The other choices are incorrect as there is no direct evidence connecting reduced oxidative damage with diets high in fiber and carbohydrates, fatty acids and protein, or probiotics.
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Can fluid retention cause lab values to be deceptively high, whereas dehydration may cause the values to be deceptively low?
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. Not always
- D. Sometimes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The statement is incorrect. Fluid retention generally results in lab values appearing deceptively low, not high, because the excess fluid dilutes the concentration of substances in the blood. Conversely, dehydration can make lab values appear deceptively high as the reduced fluid volume in the body means substances in the blood are less diluted. Choices 'C: Not always' and 'D: Sometimes' are not specific and do not directly address the statement in the question, hence they are incorrect.
What is the primary purpose of dietary fiber in the diet?
- A. Improving digestion
- B. Providing energy
- C. Aiding in the absorption of vitamins
- D. Reducing cholesterol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The primary purpose of dietary fiber in the diet is to reduce cholesterol levels. While it does aid in digestion by promoting regular bowel movements, its main role is in lowering cholesterol. Choice A is partially correct but not the primary purpose. Choice B is incorrect as fiber is not a direct source of energy. Choice C is also incorrect as the primary role of fiber is not in the absorption of vitamins.
What symptoms would most likely be associated with a transient ischemic attack?
- A. confusion and difficulty speaking
- B. headache and blurred vision
- C. chest pain and pressure
- D. claudication and peripheral edema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: confusion and difficulty speaking. These symptoms are commonly associated with a transient ischemic attack (TIA), which is a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain. Choice B, headache and blurred vision, are more indicative of other conditions such as migraines or eye problems. Choice C, chest pain and pressure, are more characteristic of cardiac issues like a heart attack. Choice D, claudication and peripheral edema, are typical of peripheral arterial disease and not typically seen in TIAs.
Which enzyme initiates protein digestion in the stomach?
- A. Pepsin
- B. Salivary Amylase
- C. CCK
- D. Secretin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pepsin is the enzyme that initiates protein digestion in the stomach. It breaks down proteins into smaller peptides, aiding in their further digestion and absorption in the intestines. Salivary Amylase (Choice B) functions in breaking down dietary carbohydrates in the mouth, not proteins. CCK (Choice C) and Secretin (Choice D) are hormones involved in the digestion of fats and carbohydrates, not proteins. Therefore, Choices B, C, and D are incorrect in the context of protein digestion in the stomach.
With which type of cancer is asbestos exposure most strongly associated?
- A. Liver cancer
- B. Peritoneal cancer
- C. Skin cancer
- D. Esophageal cancer
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Asbestos exposure is most strongly associated with peritoneal cancer, a type of cancer that affects the lining of the abdomen. While asbestos can potentially contribute to other types of cancer, there is a significant body of research indicating a robust correlation between asbestos exposure and peritoneal cancer. Asbestos exposure can also lead to mesothelioma, a cancer that affects the lining of the chest. The other options - liver cancer, skin cancer, and esophageal cancer - are not typically associated with asbestos exposure.