Nokea
Dr. Asgaard believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as auditory processing, it is first necessary to understand all the separate component parts. Dr. Asgaard's views are most consistent with those of?
- A. William James.
- B. Ivan Pavlov.
- C. Carl Rogers.
- D. Edward Titchener.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Edward Titchener. Dr. Asgaard's belief aligns with Titchener's approach of structuralism, which emphasizes understanding the components of consciousness. William James (choice A) was associated with functionalism, focusing on the purpose of behavior rather than its structure. Ivan Pavlov (choice B) was known for classical conditioning in behaviorism, not structuralism. Carl Rogers (choice C) was a major figure in humanistic psychology, emphasizing personal growth and self-actualization, which is not directly related to understanding component parts of processes.
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What does ethnography refer to?
- A. A detailed description of a single culture or context
- B. Corrupted by original sin
- C. The product of evolution
- D. A blank slate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ethnography refers to a detailed description of a single culture or context. It involves the systematic study and recording of human cultures, including customs, behaviors, and social structures. Choice B, 'Corrupted by original sin,' is incorrect as it does not relate to ethnography. Choice C, 'The product of evolution,' is incorrect as it does not define ethnography. Choice D, 'A blank slate,' is incorrect as it does not describe the practice of ethnography.
William James, who was a pioneer in the development of functionalism, was most heavily influenced by?
- A. Charles Darwin.
- B. Sigmund Freud.
- C. John Watson.
- D. B.F. Skinner.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: William James was heavily influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, which shaped his functionalist views on psychology. This influence is evident in James's emphasis on adaptation, survival, and the functional purposes of behavior. Choice B, Sigmund Freud, is incorrect because Freud's psychoanalytic theory focused on unconscious processes and childhood experiences, which differ significantly from James's functionalism. Choice C, John Watson, is incorrect as Watson was a behaviorist who emphasized observable behavior and rejected mental processes, which contrasts with James's focus on mental processes. Choice D, B.F. Skinner, is also incorrect as Skinner was a behaviorist known for his work on operant conditioning, which is not directly aligned with James's functionalist perspective.
In the Philippines, the existing laws only allow for 7 days of paternity leave. Consequently, fathers get to spend less time with their newborn baby. Which context in Bronfenbrenner's theory does this fall under?
- A. Microsystem
- B. Macrosystem
- C. Mesosystem
- D. Exosystem
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: This situation falls under the exosystem in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. The exosystem comprises broader social systems that indirectly influence individuals' lives, such as laws governing parental leave. The limited paternity leave directly impacts fathers' ability to spend time with their newborns but is determined by external factors like societal policies, making it an exosystem influence. Choices A, B, and C do not fit this scenario as they refer to more immediate social environments or broader cultural norms that do not directly determine parental leave policies.
While the term psychology has existed since at least the early 1700s, psychology did not come to be considered a science until?
- A. The 1750s.
- B. The early 1800s.
- C. The late 1800s.
- D. The 1940s.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Psychology became recognized as a science in the late 1800s, aligning with broader trends in scientific inquiry during that period. This marked the establishment of psychology as a distinct field of study based on empirical research and experimentation. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because psychology's formal recognition as a science occurred later, specifically in the late 1800s.
Which orientation focuses on symptoms rather than looking at underlying causes?
- A. Psychodynamic
- B. Adlerian
- C. Jungian
- D. Behavioral
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Psychodynamic. The psychodynamic orientation focuses on symptoms rather than underlying causes, emphasizing the importance of the unconscious mind. This approach views symptoms as manifestations of underlying psychological issues rooted in the unconscious. Choice B, Adlerian, is focused on individual psychology, social interests, and the importance of feelings of inferiority. Choice C, Jungian, is based on analytical psychology and the concepts of the collective unconscious and archetypes. Choice D, Behavioral, concentrates on observable behaviors and how they are learned and reinforced through interactions with the environment, rather than focusing on underlying causes.