Nokea
Dr. Jones prescribes corticosteroids for a child with nephritic syndrome. What is the primary purpose of administering corticosteroids to this child?
- A. To increase blood pressure
- B. To reduce inflammation
- C. To decrease proteinuria
- D. To prevent infection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Corticosteroids are commonly used to reduce inflammation in various conditions, including nephritic syndrome. In nephritic syndrome, there is inflammation in the glomeruli of the kidneys, leading to symptoms such as proteinuria, hematuria, and reduced kidney function. Corticosteroids work by suppressing this inflammatory response, which helps alleviate the symptoms and improve kidney function in patients with nephritic syndrome. Administering corticosteroids to this child aims to reduce the inflammation in the kidneys, thereby improving their condition.
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Which of the ff values pertaining to different clients shows the normal range of plasma pH?
- A. 7.35-7.45
- B. 8-Jul
- C. 6.35-6.45
- D. 8.35-8.45
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The normal range of plasma pH in the human body typically falls between 7.35 and 7.45. This range is necessary to maintain the body's acid-base balance, which is crucial for normal physiological functioning. Deviations from this range can indicate acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45), both of which can have serious health implications. Therefore, option A (7.35-7.45) represents the normal range of plasma pH among different clients.
A classic full blown AIDS case is identified by clinical manifestations such as:
- A. Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
- B. Sudden loss of weight, afternoon fever and general malaise
- C. Tumors and opportunistic infections
- D. Fever, weight loss, night sweats and diarrhea
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A classic full-blown AIDS case is characterized by the presence of tumors and opportunistic infections due to the severe immunodeficiency caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As the immune system becomes progressively weakened, the individual becomes highly susceptible to various infections and malignancies, which are typically not seen in individuals with a healthy immune system. The presence of tumors and opportunistic infections in an individual signifies the advanced stage of HIV infection and the progression to AIDS. The other options (A, B, D) are more general symptoms that can be seen in various stages of HIV infection and are not specific to a full-blown AIDS case.
The nurse is aware that the shift of body fluids associated with the intravenous administration of albumin occurs by the process of:
- A. Filtration
- B. Osmosis
- C. Diffusion
- D. Active Transport
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Osmosis is the process by which water moves across a semi-permeable membrane to equalize concentrations on both sides of the membrane. When albumin is administered intravenously, it creates an osmotic pressure in the bloodstream that draws water from the interstitial space into the blood vessels. This shift of body fluids associated with the intravenous administration of albumin occurs through the process of osmosis.
The kidneys regulate acid-base balance by all of the following mechanisms except:
- A. Excreting hydrogen ions (H )
- B. Reabsorbing carbon dioxide into the
- C. Reabsorbing or excreting HCO into blood
- D. retaining hydrogen ions
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The kidneys help regulate acid-base balance through several mechanisms, including excreting hydrogen ions (H+), reabsorbing or excreting bicarbonate (HCO3-) into the blood, and retaining or excreting hydrogen ions. However, the kidneys do not play a direct role in reabsorbing carbon dioxide into the blood. Carbon dioxide is mainly managed in the body through the respiratory system, where it is exhaled as a waste product of metabolism.
Which type of shock is characterized by a hypersensitivity reaction causing massive vasodilation and capillary leaks, which may occur with drug or latex allergy?
- A. Neurogenic
- B. Cardiogenic
- C. Hypovolemic
- D. Anaphylactic
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Anaphylactic shock is characterized by a severe, systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can occur in response to allergens such as certain drugs or latex. During anaphylactic shock, the body releases large amounts of histamine and other inflammatory substances, leading to widespread vasodilation (dilation of blood vessels) and increased capillary permeability. This results in a rapid drop in blood pressure, decreased perfusion to vital organs, and potential life-threatening symptoms such as difficulty breathing and cardiovascular collapse. Immediate treatment with epinephrine and supportive measures such as intravenous fluids is crucial in managing anaphylactic shock.