Nokea
Drug transfer to the fetus is more likely during the last trimester of pregnancy for which reason?
- A. Decreased fetal surface area
- B. Increased placental surface area
- C. Enhanced blood flow to the fetus
- D. Increased amount of protein-bound drug in maternal circulation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Drug transfer to the fetus is more likely during the last trimester of pregnancy as a result of enhanced blood flow to the fetus. Increased fetal surface area, not decreased, is a factor that affects drug transfer to the fetus. The placenta's surface area does not increase during this time. Drug transfer is increased because of an increased amount of free drug, not protein-bound drug, in the mother's circulation.
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The nurse is administering drugs to neonates and will consider which factor may contribute the most to drug toxicity?
- A. The lungs are immature.
- B. The kidneys are small.
- C. The liver is not fully developed.
- D. Excretion of the drug occurs quickly.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A neonate's liver is not fully developed and cannot detoxify many drugs, contributing most to drug toxicity. Immature lungs and small kidneys play lesser roles, and excretion is slow, not fast, due to organ immaturity.
The nurse is preparing to give an injection to a 4-year-old child. Which intervention is age appropriate for this child?
- A. Give the injection without any advanced preparation.
- B. Give the injection, and then explain the reason for the procedure afterward.
- C. Offer a brief, concrete explanation of the procedure at the patient's level and with the parent or caregiver present.
- D. Prepare the child in advance with details about the procedure without the parent or caregiver present.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: For a 4-year-old child, offering a brief, concrete explanation about a procedure just beforehand, with the parent or caregiver present, is appropriate. No preparation, explaining afterward, or preparing without a parent are not age-appropriate interventions.
The nurse recognizes that an elderly patient may experience a reduction in the stomach's ability to produce hydrochloric acid. This change may result in which effect?
- A. Delayed gastric emptying
- B. Increased gastric acidity
- C. Decreased gastrointestinal motility
- D. Altered absorption of some drugs
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Reduction in the stomach's ability to produce hydrochloric acid is an aging-related change that results in a decrease in gastric acidity and may alter the absorption of some drugs. It does not directly cause delayed gastric emptying, increased gastric acidity, or decreased gastrointestinal motility.
For accurate medication administration to pediatric patients, the nurse must consider which of these factors?
- A. Organ maturity
- B. Renal output
- C. Body temperature
- D. Height
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: To administer medications to pediatric patients accurately, one must take into account organ maturity, body surface area, age, and weight. Renal output, body temperature, and height alone are not primary considerations for accurate medication administration.
The nurse is aware that confusion, forgetfulness, and increased risk for falls are common responses in an elderly patient who is taking which type of drug?
- A. Laxatives
- B. Anticoagulants
- C. Sedatives
- D. Antidepressants
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sedatives and hypnotics often cause confusion, daytime sedation, ataxia, lethargy, forgetfulness, and increased risk for falls in the elderly. Laxatives, anticoagulants, and antidepressants may cause other adverse effects, but not the specific ones mentioned.