Nokea
During a clinic appointment, a patient states, 'I came in because my calcium score was positive on my CT scan last week.' In which section of the patient assessment does the cardiac-vascular nurse document this finding?
- A. Past medical history.
- B. Personal/social history.
- C. Presenting problem.
- D. Review of symptoms.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The presenting problem section documents the reason for the current visit.
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What is a condition where the lung's air sacs (alveoli) are damaged and enlarged, leading to breathlessness?
- A. Emphysema
- B. Chronic bronchitis
- C. Asthma
- D. Pulmonary fibrosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Emphysema. Emphysema is a condition where the lung's air sacs are damaged and enlarged, leading to breathlessness. This occurs due to the destruction of the alveoli walls, causing reduced surface area for gas exchange and airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis (B) involves inflammation of the bronchial tubes, not alveoli damage. Asthma (C) is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction, not alveoli damage. Pulmonary fibrosis (D) is scarring of lung tissue, not enlargement of the alveoli.
Which of the following heart chambers has the highest pressure in order to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues?
- A. Right atrium
- B. Right ventricle
- C. Left ventricle
- D. Left atrium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The left ventricle generates the highest pressure to pump oxygenated blood through the systemic circulation.
ECG changes in myocardial infarction.
- A. ST elevation
- B. Q waves
- C. Both A and B
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: ECG shows characteristic ST elevation and Q waves during MI.
A patient uses a mixed β-adrenergic blocking drug for treatment of migraine headaches. What effect might this drug have on BP and why?
- A. Decreased BP due to reduced cardiac output
- B. Increased BP due to unopposed α-adrenergic activity
- C. No effect on BP
- D. Decreased BP due to vasodilation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: β-blockers reduce heart rate and contractility, lowering BP.
What is the condition where the walls of the heart's ventricles become thickened, reducing the heart's ability to pump blood effectively?
- A. Ventricular hypertrophy
- B. Atrial fibrillation
- C. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- D. Cardiomyopathy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ventricular hypertrophy. Ventricular hypertrophy refers to the thickening of the walls of the heart's ventricles, which can reduce the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. This condition is often a response to conditions like high blood pressure or heart valve disease, leading to increased workload on the heart muscle. Atrial fibrillation (B) is an irregular heart rhythm, not directly related to ventricular thickening. Restrictive cardiomyopathy (C) involves stiffening of the heart muscle, affecting the heart's ability to fill properly. Cardiomyopathy (D) is a general term for diseases of the heart muscle, not specifically describing ventricular thickening.