Nokea
Which term describes an abnormal heartbeat that can be either too fast or too slow?
- A. Arrhythmia
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Tachycardia
- D. Conductivity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Arrhythmia. An arrhythmia refers to an abnormal heartbeat rhythm, which can be too fast (tachycardia) or too slow (bradycardia). Arrhythmia encompasses both of these irregularities. Choice B, bradycardia, specifically refers to a slow heartbeat, while choice C, tachycardia, specifically refers to a fast heartbeat. Choice D, conductivity, is not directly related to the speed or rhythm of the heartbeat, making it an incorrect choice.
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Which condition is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways resulting in excess mucus production, leading to frequent coughing and breathing difficulties?
- A. Chronic bronchitis
- B. Asthma
- C. Pneumonia
- D. COPD
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Chronic bronchitis is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways leading to excess mucus production, coughing, and breathing difficulties. This condition is specifically defined by a productive cough lasting at least three months for two consecutive years. Asthma involves airway inflammation and hyperreactivity, but it is not primarily characterized by excess mucus production. Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lungs, not a chronic inflammatory condition. COPD is a broad term that includes chronic bronchitis, but it also encompasses emphysema, so it is not as specific as chronic bronchitis in this context.
Which type of lung cancer begins in the cells lining the bronchi and bronchioles?
- A. Adenocarcinoma
- B. Small cell lung cancer
- C. Squamous cell carcinoma
- D. Mesothelioma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Adenocarcinoma. This type of lung cancer begins in the cells lining the bronchi and bronchioles. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer and often affects non-smokers. It is characterized by the growth of glandular cells in the lining of the lungs.
B: Small cell lung cancer typically originates in the bronchi, but it is characterized by small, round cells and tends to grow and spread quickly.
C: Squamous cell carcinoma starts in the squamous cells lining the airways and is associated with a history of smoking.
D: Mesothelioma is a cancer of the mesothelial cells that line the lungs, not specifically the bronchi or bronchioles. It is commonly linked to asbestos exposure.
What accurately describes the pathophysiology of CAD?
- A. Partial or total occlusion of the coronary artery occurs during the stage of raised fibrous plaque
- B. Endothelial alteration may be caused by chemical irritants such as hyperlipidemia or by tobacco use
- C. Collateral circulation in the coronary circulation is more likely to be present in the young patient with CAD
- D. The leading theory of atherogenesis proposes that infection and fatty dietary intake are the basic underlying causes of atherosclerosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Endothelial damage initiates plaque formation.
Which of the following is a type of heart valve disease where the aortic valve becomes narrowed, restricting blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body?
- A. Aortic stenosis
- B. Mitral stenosis
- C. Tricuspid regurgitation
- D. Pulmonary hypertension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aortic stenosis. Aortic stenosis is a condition where the aortic valve narrows, impeding blood flow from the heart to the body, leading to symptoms like chest pain and shortness of breath. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Mitral stenosis involves narrowing of the mitral valve, affecting blood flow between the left atrium and ventricle.
C: Tricuspid regurgitation is when the tricuspid valve leaks, causing blood to flow backward into the heart.
D: Pulmonary hypertension is a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs, unrelated to aortic valve narrowing.
If Mr. Cook does not take his hydrochlorothiazide every day because it causes nocturia, it would be important to first
- A. tell him that you understand but that he must take the medicine as prescribed
- B. discuss the role of diuretics in the treatment of hypertension
- C. ascertain how much medicine he is taking as well as what time of the day he takes his diuretic
- D. encourage more potassium in his diet
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Understanding the timing and dosage helps tailor interventions.