Nokea
Which of the following is an indication of an alarm sound when a client with transvenous pacemaker is on a cardiac monitor?
- A. Client's heart rate drops below the lowest level set on the alarm system.
- B. Client is confused or restless and physical movement disturbs external pacemaker.
- C. Client's heartbeat is greater than 60 beats/minute.
- D. Client's blood pressure drops below the lowest level set on the alarm system.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An alarm indicates the heart rate falling below the set limit, signaling potential pacemaker malfunction or arrhythmia.
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The most important action in Mr. Johnson's care with possible acute myocarditis would be
- A. Placing him in a darkened room
- B. Keeping a nutritional intake record on him
- C. Keeping him on a regimen of complete bed rest
- D. Telling him not to worry, he will recover soon
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rest minimizes cardiac workload during inflammation.
Which procedure is used to remove excess fluid or air from the pleural space, helping to relieve pressure on the lungs?
- A. Thoracentesis
- B. Bronchoscopy
- C. Chest X-ray
- D. Arterial blood gas (ABG)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Thoracentesis is the correct procedure for removing excess fluid or air from the pleural space. It involves inserting a needle through the chest wall to drain the fluid or air, relieving pressure on the lungs. Bronchoscopy is used to visualize the airways, not remove fluid or air. Chest X-ray is a diagnostic tool for assessing the lungs but does not remove fluid or air. Arterial blood gas (ABG) is a test to assess oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, not a procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural space.
What structures hold up the AV valves and are anchored to the ventricular wall by the papillary muscles?
- A. Chordae tendineae
- B. Papillary muscles
- C. Semilunar valves
- D. Aortic valve
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chordae tendineae. These fibrous cords hold up the AV valves (mitral and tricuspid valves) and are anchored to the ventricular wall by the papillary muscles. The papillary muscles contract to prevent the AV valves from prolapsing into the atria during ventricular contraction. Choice B (Papillary muscles) is incorrect as they assist in the function but are not the structures that hold up the AV valves. Choices C (Semilunar valves) and D (Aortic valve) are incorrect as they are not directly involved in supporting the AV valves or anchored by the papillary muscles.
What is a condition where the lung's alveoli are permanently enlarged and damaged, leading to shortness of breath?
- A. Emphysema
- B. Bronchitis
- C. Atelectasis
- D. Pulmonary fibrosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Emphysema. Emphysema is a condition where the lung's alveoli are permanently enlarged and damaged, causing shortness of breath. This occurs due to the destruction of the alveoli walls, leading to decreased surface area for oxygen exchange. This results in difficulty breathing and reduced oxygen supply to the body. Bronchitis (B) is inflammation of the bronchial tubes, not alveoli damage. Atelectasis (C) is the collapse of lung tissue, not enlargement. Pulmonary fibrosis (D) is scarring of lung tissue, not alveoli enlargement.
What procedure involves inserting a flexible tube with a light and camera into the airways to examine the lungs and collect samples?
- A. Bronchoscopy
- B. Thoracentesis
- C. Lung biopsy
- D. Chest X-ray
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bronchoscopy. Bronchoscopy involves inserting a tube with a light and camera into the airways to examine the lungs and collect samples. It allows visualization of the airways, biopsy of lung tissue, and collection of samples for further analysis. Thoracentesis involves removing fluid from the pleural space, lung biopsy involves taking a tissue sample from the lung, and a chest X-ray is a radiographic imaging technique that shows the structures in the chest but does not involve direct visualization or sampling of the airways.