Nokea
Which type of lung cancer begins in the cells lining the bronchi and bronchioles?
- A. Adenocarcinoma
- B. Small cell lung cancer
- C. Squamous cell carcinoma
- D. Mesothelioma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Adenocarcinoma. This type of lung cancer begins in the cells lining the bronchi and bronchioles. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer and often affects non-smokers. It is characterized by the growth of glandular cells in the lining of the lungs.
B: Small cell lung cancer typically originates in the bronchi, but it is characterized by small, round cells and tends to grow and spread quickly.
C: Squamous cell carcinoma starts in the squamous cells lining the airways and is associated with a history of smoking.
D: Mesothelioma is a cancer of the mesothelial cells that line the lungs, not specifically the bronchi or bronchioles. It is commonly linked to asbestos exposure.
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What is a chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other parts of the body?
- A. Heart failure
- B. Myocardial infarction
- C. Pericarditis
- D. Pulmonary edema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Heart failure is the correct answer because it is a chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively.
Step 2: This ineffective pumping leads to fluid buildup in the lungs (pulmonary congestion) and other parts of the body (edema).
Step 3: Myocardial infarction (B) is incorrect as it is an acute condition resulting from a blockage in coronary arteries causing heart muscle damage.
Step 4: Pericarditis (C) is incorrect as it is inflammation of the pericardium, the outer lining of the heart, not directly related to heart pumping efficiency.
Step 5: Pulmonary edema (D) is incorrect as it specifically refers to fluid accumulation in the lungs, not necessarily linked to heart failure.
The nurse is administering digoxin to a client with a heart rate of 45 bpm. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Hold the digoxin and notify the healthcare provider.
- B. Administer the digoxin as ordered.
- C. Increase the dose of digoxin.
- D. Monitor the client's heart rate and reassess in 30 minutes.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hold the digoxin and notify the healthcare provider. Digoxin is a medication that can slow down the heart rate, and a heart rate of 45 bpm is below the normal range. Holding the medication and informing the healthcare provider is the priority to prevent potential harm from further slowing the heart rate. Administering the digoxin as ordered (B) would worsen the bradycardia. Increasing the dose of digoxin (C) would be dangerous. Monitoring the client's heart rate and reassessing in 30 minutes (D) may delay necessary intervention.
The client on spironolactone (Aldactone) has a potassium level of 5.6 mEq/L. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Hold the spironolactone and notify the healthcare provider.
- B. Administer potassium supplements.
- C. Continue the spironolactone as ordered.
- D. Increase the dose of spironolactone.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hold the spironolactone and notify the healthcare provider. A potassium level of 5.6 mEq/L is elevated (normal range is 3.5-5.0 mEq/L). Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, so the priority action is to hold the medication to prevent further elevation of potassium levels, which can lead to serious cardiac arrhythmias. Notifying the healthcare provider is crucial for further management. Administering potassium supplements (B) would further increase potassium levels. Continuing spironolactone as ordered (C) would exacerbate hyperkalemia. Increasing the dose of spironolactone (D) would be contraindicated in this situation.
What accurately describes the pathophysiology of CAD?
- A. Partial or total occlusion of the coronary artery occurs during the stage of raised fibrous plaque
- B. Endothelial alteration may be caused by chemical irritants such as hyperlipidemia or by tobacco use
- C. Collateral circulation in the coronary circulation is more likely to be present in the young patient with CAD
- D. The leading theory of atherogenesis proposes that infection and fatty dietary intake are the basic underlying causes of atherosclerosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Endothelial damage initiates plaque formation.
State the Indications and Modes of Mechanical Ventilation.
- A. Respiratory failure
- B. ARDS
- C. Both A and B
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mechanical ventilation is used for respiratory failure and acute conditions like ARDS.