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What is a severe and often sudden allergic reaction that can lead to breathing difficulties and anaphylactic shock?
- A. Anaphylaxis
- B. Allergic rhinitis
- C. Bronchospasm
- D. Asthma attack
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a severe and sudden allergic reaction that can lead to breathing difficulties and anaphylactic shock due to the body's extreme immune response. Allergic rhinitis (B) is a milder allergic reaction affecting the nose and eyes. Bronchospasm (C) is a sudden constriction of the muscles in the airways, often associated with asthma. Asthma attack (D) refers to the exacerbation of asthma symptoms but does not necessarily involve anaphylactic shock.
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What test evaluates the heart's response to physical stress, often involving exercise on a treadmill while monitoring the heart?
- A. Stress test
- B. Echocardiogram
- C. Holter monitor
- D. CT angiography
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stress test. This test evaluates the heart's response to physical stress by monitoring the heart's activity during exercise on a treadmill. It helps diagnose heart conditions such as coronary artery disease. Echocardiogram (B) is an ultrasound test that examines the heart's structure and function. Holter monitor (C) records the heart's activity over a period to detect irregularities. CT angiography (D) is a type of imaging test to visualize blood vessels. However, none of these options specifically assess the heart's response to physical stress like a stress test does.
The client on spironolactone (Aldactone) has a potassium level of 5.6 mEq/L. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Hold the spironolactone and notify the healthcare provider.
- B. Administer potassium supplements.
- C. Continue the spironolactone as ordered.
- D. Increase the dose of spironolactone.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hold the spironolactone and notify the healthcare provider. A potassium level of 5.6 mEq/L is elevated (normal range is 3.5-5.0 mEq/L). Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, so the priority action is to hold the medication to prevent further elevation of potassium levels, which can lead to serious cardiac arrhythmias. Notifying the healthcare provider is crucial for further management. Administering potassium supplements (B) would further increase potassium levels. Continuing spironolactone as ordered (C) would exacerbate hyperkalemia. Increasing the dose of spironolactone (D) would be contraindicated in this situation.
During a clinic appointment, a patient states, 'I came in because my calcium score was positive on my CT scan last week.' In which section of the patient assessment does the cardiac-vascular nurse document this finding?
- A. Past medical history.
- B. Personal/social history.
- C. Presenting problem.
- D. Review of symptoms.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The presenting problem section documents the reason for the current visit.
Which procedure is used to remove excess fluid or air from the pleural space, helping to relieve pressure on the lungs?
- A. Thoracentesis
- B. Bronchoscopy
- C. Chest X-ray
- D. Arterial blood gas (ABG)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Thoracentesis is the correct procedure for removing excess fluid or air from the pleural space. It involves inserting a needle through the chest wall to drain the fluid or air, relieving pressure on the lungs. Bronchoscopy is used to visualize the airways, not remove fluid or air. Chest X-ray is a diagnostic tool for assessing the lungs but does not remove fluid or air. Arterial blood gas (ABG) is a test to assess oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, not a procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural space.
The client on furosemide (Lasix) is complaining of muscle cramps. What electrolyte imbalance should the nurse suspect?
- A. Hyperkalemia
- B. Hyponatremia
- C. Hypocalcemia
- D. Hypokalemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hypokalemia. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that causes potassium excretion, leading to low potassium levels and muscle cramps. Hypokalemia is associated with muscle weakness and cramps due to altered muscle function. Hyperkalemia (A) is high potassium levels, not typically associated with furosemide. Hyponatremia (B) is low sodium levels, not directly related to furosemide use. Hypocalcemia (C) is low calcium levels, which can cause muscle cramps but is not the most likely electrolyte imbalance with furosemide.