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Which of the following is a type of heart attack that occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is severely reduced or stopped?
- A. Myocardial infarction
- B. Angina
- C. Stroke
- D. Congestive heart failure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Myocardial infarction. A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, happens when the blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, leading to damage or death of the tissue due to lack of oxygen. Angina (B) is chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart but does not cause permanent damage like a heart attack. Stroke (C) is a brain-related condition caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain. Congestive heart failure (D) is when the heart cannot pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the body.
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What is a condition where the lung's air sacs (alveoli) are damaged and enlarged, leading to breathlessness?
- A. Emphysema
- B. Chronic bronchitis
- C. Asthma
- D. Pulmonary fibrosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Emphysema. Emphysema is a condition where the lung's air sacs are damaged and enlarged, leading to breathlessness. This occurs due to the destruction of the alveoli walls, causing reduced surface area for gas exchange and airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis (B) involves inflammation of the bronchial tubes, not alveoli damage. Asthma (C) is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction, not alveoli damage. Pulmonary fibrosis (D) is scarring of lung tissue, not enlargement of the alveoli.
What type of therapy delivers high concentrations of oxygen to the lungs?
- A. Oxygen therapy
- B. Ventilator therapy
- C. Mechanical ventilation
- D. CPAP therapy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Oxygen therapy. This type of therapy delivers high concentrations of oxygen to the lungs to improve oxygen levels in the blood. Ventilator therapy (B) involves mechanical breathing assistance, not just oxygen delivery. Mechanical ventilation (C) is a broader term encompassing various types of mechanical respiratory support beyond just oxygen. CPAP therapy (D) is continuous positive airway pressure used to treat sleep apnea, not specifically for delivering high concentrations of oxygen. Therefore, oxygen therapy is the most direct and specific choice for delivering high concentrations of oxygen to the lungs.
The nurse is administering a beta blocker to a client with a heart rate of 50 bpm. What is the priority action?
- A. Hold the beta blocker and notify the healthcare provider.
- B. Administer the beta blocker as ordered.
- C. Decrease the dose of the beta blocker.
- D. Monitor the client's heart rate and reassess in 30 minutes.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because a heart rate of 50 bpm is below the normal range, and beta blockers further decrease heart rate. Holding the medication and notifying the healthcare provider is crucial to prevent potential bradycardia and adverse effects. Administering the beta blocker (choice B) can further reduce the heart rate. Decreasing the dose (choice C) may not be enough to address the issue. Monitoring the heart rate (choice D) is important but not sufficient to address the potential harm caused by administering the beta blocker.
What procedure involves inserting a flexible tube with a light and camera into the airways to examine the lungs and collect samples?
- A. Bronchoscopy
- B. Thoracentesis
- C. Lung biopsy
- D. Chest X-ray
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bronchoscopy. Bronchoscopy involves inserting a tube with a light and camera into the airways to examine the lungs and collect samples. It allows visualization of the airways, biopsy of lung tissue, and collection of samples for further analysis. Thoracentesis involves removing fluid from the pleural space, lung biopsy involves taking a tissue sample from the lung, and a chest X-ray is a radiographic imaging technique that shows the structures in the chest but does not involve direct visualization or sampling of the airways.
Which factor is most closely associated with successful smoking cessation?
- A. Enrollment in a short-term support group.
- B. Lack of reliance on nicotine gum as a secondary intervention.
- C. Preparation of a plan to deal with potential relapses.
- D. Reliance on a single intervention.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Having a plan to address potential relapses is crucial for long-term success in smoking cessation.