Nokea
What structures hold up the AV valves and are anchored to the ventricular wall by the papillary muscles?
- A. Chordae tendineae
- B. Papillary muscles
- C. Semilunar valves
- D. Aortic valve
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chordae tendineae. These fibrous cords hold up the AV valves (mitral and tricuspid valves) and are anchored to the ventricular wall by the papillary muscles. The papillary muscles contract to prevent the AV valves from prolapsing into the atria during ventricular contraction. Choice B (Papillary muscles) is incorrect as they assist in the function but are not the structures that hold up the AV valves. Choices C (Semilunar valves) and D (Aortic valve) are incorrect as they are not directly involved in supporting the AV valves or anchored by the papillary muscles.
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Which type of lung cancer begins in the cells lining the bronchi and bronchioles?
- A. Adenocarcinoma
- B. Small cell lung cancer
- C. Squamous cell carcinoma
- D. Mesothelioma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Adenocarcinoma. This type of lung cancer begins in the cells lining the bronchi and bronchioles. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer and often affects non-smokers. It is characterized by the growth of glandular cells in the lining of the lungs.
B: Small cell lung cancer typically originates in the bronchi, but it is characterized by small, round cells and tends to grow and spread quickly.
C: Squamous cell carcinoma starts in the squamous cells lining the airways and is associated with a history of smoking.
D: Mesothelioma is a cancer of the mesothelial cells that line the lungs, not specifically the bronchi or bronchioles. It is commonly linked to asbestos exposure.
The nurse is administering a beta blocker to a client with a heart rate of 58 bpm. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Administer the beta blocker as ordered.
- B. Hold the beta blocker and notify the healthcare provider.
- C. Increase the dose of the beta blocker.
- D. Monitor the client's heart rate and reassess in 30 minutes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Holding the beta blocker and notifying the healthcare provider is the priority action because a heart rate of 58 bpm may be too low to safely administer a beta blocker, which can further decrease heart rate and lead to complications like bradycardia or heart block. Increasing the dose (choice C) without assessing the current heart rate is risky. Administering the beta blocker as ordered (choice A) without considering the low heart rate is unsafe. Monitoring the client's heart rate (choice D) is important but not the priority when the initial heart rate is low.
The client on nitroglycerin complains of a headache. How does the nurse explain this?
- A. This is a normal side effect of nitroglycerin.
- B. This is an allergic reaction to nitroglycerin.
- C. This is an indication of overdose.
- D. This is a sign of heart failure.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: This is a normal side effect of nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator that relaxes blood vessels, including those in the head, leading to headaches. The nurse should explain that this is a common and expected side effect of the medication.
B: This is incorrect because a headache from nitroglycerin is not indicative of an allergic reaction.
C: This is incorrect as a headache is not typically a sign of overdose with nitroglycerin.
D: This is incorrect as a headache from nitroglycerin is not specifically linked to heart failure.
The client on furosemide (Lasix) is complaining of muscle cramps. What electrolyte imbalance should the nurse suspect?
- A. Hyperkalemia
- B. Hyponatremia
- C. Hypocalcemia
- D. Hypokalemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hypokalemia. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that causes potassium excretion, leading to low potassium levels and muscle cramps. Hypokalemia is associated with muscle weakness and cramps due to altered muscle function. Hyperkalemia (A) is high potassium levels, not typically associated with furosemide. Hyponatremia (B) is low sodium levels, not directly related to furosemide use. Hypocalcemia (C) is low calcium levels, which can cause muscle cramps but is not the most likely electrolyte imbalance with furosemide.
Which of the following is a type of heart attack that occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is severely reduced or stopped?
- A. Myocardial infarction
- B. Angina
- C. Stroke
- D. Congestive heart failure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Myocardial infarction. A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, happens when the blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, leading to damage or death of the tissue due to lack of oxygen. Angina (B) is chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart but does not cause permanent damage like a heart attack. Stroke (C) is a brain-related condition caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain. Congestive heart failure (D) is when the heart cannot pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the body.