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During hemodynamic monitoring, the nurse finds that the patient has a decreased CO with unchanged pulmonary artery wedge pressures, HR, and SVR. The nurse identifies that the patient has a decrease in
- A. SV
- B. Preload
- C. Afterload
- D. Contractility
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: CO is dependent on the heart rate and stroke volume, and stroke volume is determined by preload, afterload and contractility. If CO is decreased and heart rate is unchanged, stroke volume is the variable factor.
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The client is on nitroglycerin patches. What should the nurse include in the client's education?
- A. Rotate the application site with each new patch.
- B. Apply the patch at the same time each day.
- C. Leave the patch on for 24 hours, then remove it for 12 hours before applying a new one.
- D. Apply the patch to the same site each time.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Rotate the application site with each new patch. This is important to prevent skin irritation and tolerance development. Rotating sites ensures consistent drug absorption and reduces the risk of skin reactions. Applying the patch at the same site each time (choice D) can lead to localized skin irritation. Applying the patch at the same time each day (choice B) is not as crucial as rotating sites. Leaving the patch on for 24 hours and then removing it for 12 hours (choice C) can disrupt the therapeutic effect of the medication.
Receiving a report that Mr. K.'s prothrombin time (PT) is 4-4.5 times normal, your nursing action would be to
- A. call Mr. K.'s physician to report the PT
- B. stop the heparin infusion
- C. increase the heparin infusion by 10 mg/hr
- D. nothing, as the value is therapeutic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An elevated PT indicates potential bleeding risk, necessitating immediate medical review.
What test measures the pressure in the arteries during the contraction and relaxation of the heart?
- A. Blood pressure test
- B. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
- C. Spirometry
- D. Pulse oximetry
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blood pressure test. This test measures the pressure in the arteries during the heart's contraction (systolic pressure) and relaxation (diastolic pressure). It provides important information about heart health and overall cardiovascular function. The other choices are incorrect because B (ECG) measures the heart's electrical activity, C (Spirometry) measures lung function, and D (Pulse oximetry) measures oxygen saturation in the blood, not arterial pressure.
What is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the small airways in the lungs, leading to episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing?
- A. Asthma
- B. COPD
- C. Bronchitis
- D. Lung cancer
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Asthma. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the small airways in the lungs, causing symptoms like wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. The inflammation in the airways leads to narrowing and constriction, resulting in the characteristic symptoms of asthma. Asthma is typically triggered by various factors such as allergens, pollutants, exercise, or infections.
Summary of other choices:
B: COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a different condition characterized by irreversible airflow limitation due to chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
C: Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, often caused by viral infections or smoking, but it does not specifically target the small airways like asthma.
D: Lung cancer is a malignancy that arises in the lungs and is not primarily associated with chronic inflammation of the small airways as seen in asthma.
A nurse responds to a telemetry alarm and determines that the client is in which rhythm, where the rate is greater than 150, diastole is shortened, and the heart does not have sufficient time to fill?
- A. Sinus bradycardia
- B. Sinus tachycardia
- C. Supraventricular Tachycardia
- D. Atrial flutter
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Supraventricular tachycardia involves rapid heart rates originating above the ventricles, shortening diastolic filling time.