Nokea
During nuclear transmutation, a target nucleus is bombarded with a particle to create:
- A. A heavier isotope of the same element
- B. A lighter isotope of the same element
- C. An entirely new element
- D. A chain reaction of nuclear fission
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During nuclear transmutation, a target nucleus is bombarded with a particle to create an entirely new element. This process involves changing the number of protons in the nucleus, resulting in the creation of a different element. Options A and B are incorrect because nuclear transmutation leads to the formation of a new element, not a heavier or lighter isotope of the same element. Option D, a chain reaction of nuclear fission, is incorrect as nuclear transmutation involves the direct conversion of one element into another through bombardment with particles, not the initiation of a fission chain reaction.
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the body's innate immune response?
- A. Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes
- B. Phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens
- C. Inflammatory response to isolate and contain infection
- D. Production of antibodies specific to a particular pathogen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The production of antibodies specific to a particular pathogen is a function of the adaptive immune response, not the innate immune response. Innate immunity involves nonspecific defense mechanisms like physical barriers, phagocytes, and inflammation, which provide immediate protection against pathogens without prior exposure. Antibody production is a characteristic of adaptive immunity, where the body generates specific antibodies in response to encountering a pathogen for the first time. Therefore, option D is the correct answer as it does not align with the immediate and nonspecific nature of the innate immune response.
What is the process of cells restoring damaged or lost tissues called?
- A. Cell division
- B. Cell differentiation
- C. Cell growth
- D. Cell regeneration
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
A) Cell division refers to the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells.
B) Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized for specific functions.
C) Cell growth is the increase in cell size or number.
D) Cell regeneration is the process of cells restoring damaged or lost tissues by replacing or repairing the damaged cells. This process is essential for healing wounds and maintaining tissue integrity.
What is the term for the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a specific temperature and pressure?
- A. Molarity
- B. Solubility
- C. Concentration
- D. Saturation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Solubility is the correct term for the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a specific temperature and pressure. Molarity is a measure of concentration, not the maximum amount that can dissolve. Concentration is a general term for the amount of solute present in a given amount of solvent. Saturation is related to solubility but specifically refers to a state where no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent.
What does the term 'colligative property' refer to in solutions?
- A. Properties that depend on the nature of the solute particles
- B. Properties that depend on the concentration of solute particles
- C. Properties that depend on the temperature of the solution
- D. Properties that depend on the pressure of the solution
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Colligative properties are properties of a solution that depend on the concentration of solute particles, regardless of the identity of the solute. These properties include lowering the vapor pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, and osmotic pressure. The concentration of solute particles affects these properties, not the nature, temperature, or pressure of the solution. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer as it accurately reflects the definition of colligative properties. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because colligative properties are not based on the nature, temperature, or pressure of the solute, but rather on the concentration of solute particles in the solution.
What is the Pauli exclusion principle?
- A. The principle that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy.
- B. The principle that electrons cannot occupy the same orbital with the same spin.
- C. The principle that the maximum number of electrons in an orbital is 2n^2, where n is the energy level of the orbital.
- D. The principle that the attractive force between an electron and the nucleus is inversely proportional to the distance between them.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers. This principle leads to the rule that electrons must have opposite spins when occupying the same orbital. Therefore, electrons cannot occupy the same orbital with the same spin, as stated in option B. Option A is incorrect as it refers to the Aufbau principle, which describes the order in which electrons fill orbitals based on increasing energy. Option C is incorrect as it provides the formula for the maximum number of electrons in an orbital based on the energy level, not the Pauli exclusion principle. Option D is incorrect as it describes Coulomb's law, which deals with the electrostatic force between charged particles, not the Pauli exclusion principle.