Nokea
During stage two of milk production (the postpartum period), hormonal changes include
- A. increased progesterone and decreased prolactin
- B. increased progesterone and decreased estrogen
- C. decreased progesterone and increased prolactin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Progesterone withdrawal and rising prolactin facilitate lactogenesis.
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Ova and sperm are also known as which of the following?
- A. Gonads
- B. Gametes
- C. Stem cells
- D. Hormones
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Gametes. Ova and sperm are reproductive cells involved in sexual reproduction. Gametes are specialized cells that combine during fertilization to form a new organism. They are distinct from gonads (A), which are the organs that produce gametes. Stem cells (C) are undifferentiated cells that can develop into various cell types, not specific to ova and sperm. Hormones (D) are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, not directly related to ova and sperm production.
By about the sixth day after birth, over a 24-hour period, most infants urinate approximately
- A. 12 to 14 times
- B. 8 to 12 times
- C. 6 to 8 times
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Frequent urination indicates adequate hydration and kidney function in newborns.
Going from the ovary to the uterus, the sequence of the divisions of the uterine tubes is:
- A. Isthmus, ampulla, fimbriae, and infundibulum
- B. Ampulla, isthmus, infundibulum, and fimbriae
- C. Fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus
- D. Fimbriae, ampulla, isthmus, and infundibulum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct sequence is fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus.
The stimulation of initial milk production and release in the breast is accomplished by which hormones? Select all that apply.
- A. Oxytocin
- B. Progesterone
- C. Prolactin
- D. Luteinizing hormone
Correct Answer:
Rationale: Correct Answer: A (Oxytocin), C (Prolactin)
Rationale:
1. Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection (let-down reflex) by contracting the muscles around the alveoli, releasing milk.
2. Prolactin is responsible for the production of milk in the mammary glands.
Summary of Other Choices:
- Progesterone: Plays a role in preparing the breast for lactation but doesn't directly stimulate milk production.
- Luteinizing hormone: Primarily involved in ovulation and corpus luteum formation, not milk production.
Morula is a developmental stage which occurs:
- A. After the implantation
- B. Between the zygote and blastocyst
- C. Between the blastocyst and gastrula
- D. Between implantation and parturition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the morula is a stage between the zygote (fertilized egg) and blastocyst (hollow ball of cells). After fertilization, the zygote undergoes multiple rounds of cell division to form a compact cluster of cells known as the morula. This stage precedes the blastocyst stage where the cells differentiate and form an inner cell mass and outer trophoblast layer.
A) After implantation is incorrect because the morula forms before implantation.
C) Between the blastocyst and gastrula is incorrect as the morula occurs before the blastocyst stage.
D) Between implantation and parturition is incorrect as the morula stage occurs much earlier in development.