Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System

Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System Related

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Findings of a Pap smear exam denote atypical cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS).

  • A. Which therapeutic treatment option would the nurse expect the practitioner to order?
  • B. Mammography
  • C. Bone scan
  • D. Transvaginal ultrasound
Correct Answer: E

Rationale: The correct answer is missing from the choices provided. For a finding of ASCUS on a Pap smear, the next step would typically be to perform HPV testing to determine if further evaluation or treatment is needed. HPV testing helps to identify high-risk strains of the virus that may lead to cervical cancer. Based on the results of the HPV test, the healthcare provider would decide on the appropriate management plan, which could include colposcopy, repeat Pap smear, or other interventions. Therefore, the correct answer should involve HPV testing or further diagnostic procedures rather than therapeutic treatment options or imaging studies like mammography, bone scan, or transvaginal ultrasound.

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A 38-year-old patient presents to the clinic office complaining of increased bilateral tenderness of her breasts prior to the onset of menses. On questioning the patient, this

  • A. Physical examination reveals lumpy areas bilaterally on the upper outer quadrants of each
  • B. The areas of concern are approximately 2 cm in siz
  • C. Based on this assessment, which diagnostic testing would be necessary? (Select all that apply.)
  • D. Ultrasound examination
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because lumpy areas on the upper outer quadrants of the breasts are characteristic of fibrocystic breast changes, which commonly cause increased tenderness before menses. This finding is important for differential diagnosis and management. Choice B is incorrect because the size of the areas is less relevant than the location and characteristics. Choice C is incorrect as it is not specific to the clinical presentation described. Choice D is incorrect because while an ultrasound may be used in assessing breast lumps, the initial step would be to identify the specific characteristics on physical examination.

The endometrial thickness is greatest during the:

  • A. Secretory phase
  • B. Menstrual phase
  • C. Proliferative phase
  • D. Late follicular phase
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Secretory phase. During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, the endometrial thickness is greatest due to increased progesterone levels, leading to thickening of the endometrium in preparation for potential implantation of a fertilized egg. This phase occurs after ovulation and is characterized by glandular secretions and increased vascularity to support a potential pregnancy.

Summary:
- Menstrual phase (B) is incorrect as it is characterized by shedding of the endometrial lining.
- Proliferative phase (C) is incorrect as it involves endometrial thickening but not to the extent seen in the secretory phase.
- Late follicular phase (D) is incorrect as it precedes ovulation and is primarily characterized by follicular development rather than significant endometrial thickening.

If a neonate's hemoglobin is 19.3 shortly after birth, a typical value at 7 days is

  • A. 22.4 g/dL
  • B. 19.3 g/dL
  • C. 17.4 g/dL
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Neonatal hemoglobin levels naturally decline as the body adjusts to extrauterine life.

Immediately after an uncomplicated delivery without meconium, a full-term newborn is warmed, dried, suctioned, and positioned appropriately but has a heart rate of 80 beats/min. According to neonatal resuscitation guidelines, the next step in managing this infant is

  • A. positive-pressure ventilation
  • B. chest compression
  • C. epinephrine administration
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A heart rate below 100 beats/min in a newborn requires positive-pressure ventilation to support breathing and increase heart rate.

The primary purpose of the cremaster muscle is to:

  • A. Eject milk into the lactiferous ducts of the breasts.
  • B. Maintain the uterus in an anteflexed position.
  • C. Keep the testes cooler than the rest of the body.
  • D. Expel seminal fluids to nourish sperm at ejaculation.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The cremaster muscle adjusts the position of the testes to regulate their temperature for optimal sperm production.

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