Nokea
During surgery, we administer hexamethonium to an anesthetized patient. Which of the following effects should you expect in response to this drug?
- A. Bradycardia mediated by activation of the baroreceptor reflex
- B. Increased GI tract motility, possible spontaneous defecation
- C. Increased salivary secretions
- D. Vasodilation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Vasodilation. Hexamethonium is a ganglionic blocking agent that blocks nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, leading to vasodilation due to inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone. This causes a decrease in blood pressure.
A: Bradycardia is not a direct effect of hexamethonium.
B: Increased GI motility and defecation are not expected effects of hexamethonium.
C: Increased salivary secretions are not directly affected by hexamethonium.
In summary, the correct answer is D because hexamethonium causes vasodilation by blocking nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, leading to a decrease in blood pressure.
You may also like to solve these questions
Which produces the majority of salivary volume?
- A. lingual glands
- B. sublingual
- C. parotid
- D. submandibular
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: submandibular glands. These glands produce the majority of salivary volume due to their larger size and higher rate of saliva production compared to other salivary glands. Submandibular glands secrete a combination of serous and mucous saliva, contributing to overall saliva volume. The lingual glands (choice A) are smaller and contribute a smaller amount of saliva. The sublingual glands (choice B) are also smaller and produce less saliva compared to the submandibular glands. The parotid glands (choice C) are the largest salivary glands but contribute a smaller volume of saliva compared to the submandibular glands.
All of the following are hormones of the anterior pituitary except:
- A. Human growth hormone (GH).
- B. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
- C. Parathyroid hormone(PTH).
- D. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Parathyroid hormone (PTH). The anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate various bodily functions, such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism. PTH is actually produced by the parathyroid glands, not the anterior pituitary. Human growth hormone (GH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are all hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Therefore, C is the correct answer as it is not a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland.
Intravenous administration of epinephrine to a patient results in a severe decrease in diastolic pressure and an increase in cardiac output. Which of the following drugs might the patient have previously taken that could account for this unexpected effect?
- A. Propranolol
- B. Atropine
- C. Phenylephrine
- D. Prazosin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Prazosin. Prazosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist, which blocks the vasoconstrictor effect of catecholamines like epinephrine, leading to vasodilation and a decrease in diastolic pressure. The unexpected effect of a decrease in diastolic pressure and an increase in cardiac output after epinephrine administration suggests that the patient might have taken a drug that blocks alpha-1 receptors. Propranolol (A) is a beta-blocker, which would not cause this effect. Atropine (B) is a muscarinic receptor antagonist and would not explain the observed effects. Phenylephrine (C) is an alpha-1 agonist, so it would not result in the described response. Therefore, Prazosin (D) is the most likely drug the patient previously took to account for the unexpected effects of epinephrine administration.
The small intestine runs from the stomach to the large intestine. It has three parts. Starting at the stomach, in which order do they occur?
- A. Ileum, duodenum, jejunum
- B. Jejunum, duodenum, ileum
- C. Duodenum, ileum, jejunum
- D. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct order is D: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine connected to the stomach for digestion. Next is the jejunum, where most of the nutrients are absorbed. Lastly, the ileum completes the absorption process before reaching the large intestine. Choice A is incorrect as it has the parts in the wrong order. Choice B also has the parts in the wrong order. Choice C has the duodenum and ileum in the correct position but switches the jejunum and ileum.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the male testis to produce sperm cells & stimulates the development of follicles in the females is:
- A. Growth hormone
- B. Leutenizing hormone
- C. Prolactin
- D. Follicle stimulating hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Follicle stimulating hormone. It stimulates the testes to produce sperm cells in males and promotes follicle development in females. Growth hormone (A) primarily regulates growth and metabolism. Leutenizing hormone (B) stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production in males. Prolactin (C) is responsible for milk production in females.