Nokea
The following drugs can depress the sympathetic activity EXCEPT:
- A. Clonidine
- B. Reserpine
- C. Phenylephrine
- D. Labetalol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Phenylephrine. Phenylephrine is a sympathomimetic drug that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to vasoconstriction and increased heart rate. In contrast, choices A, B, and D all work to depress sympathetic activity by different mechanisms. Clonidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that decreases sympathetic outflow. Reserpine inhibits the storage of norepinephrine, leading to decreased sympathetic activity. Labetalol is a non-selective beta blocker that blocks beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing sympathetic effects. Therefore, Phenylephrine is the only drug among the options that does not depress sympathetic activity.
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Ketosis and acidosis are:
- A. most apt to be caused by an excess of insulin.
- B. characteristic of diabetes insipidus.
- C. best treated with ADH.
- D. indicative of a rapid and incomplete metabolism of fatty acids.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because ketosis and acidosis are indicative of a rapid and incomplete metabolism of fatty acids. Ketosis occurs when the body breaks down fats for energy, leading to high levels of ketones in the blood. Acidosis results from the accumulation of acidic substances in the body due to incomplete metabolism. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because excess insulin does not cause ketosis and acidosis, diabetes insipidus is unrelated to these conditions, and ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is not the appropriate treatment for ketosis and acidosis.
A common second messenger used in signaling pathways of water-soluble hormones is
- A. tRNA.
- B. ATP.
- C. cAMP.
- D. PTH.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: cAMP. Water-soluble hormones, such as adrenaline or glucagon, bind to cell surface receptors and activate a signaling cascade that often involves cAMP as a second messenger. Upon hormone binding, the receptor activates adenylyl cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP. cAMP then activates protein kinase A, leading to phosphorylation of target proteins, ultimately affecting cellular responses.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
A: tRNA is involved in protein synthesis, not in signaling pathways of water-soluble hormones.
B: ATP is used as an energy source in various cellular processes, but it is not a second messenger in hormone signaling pathways.
D: PTH (parathyroid hormone) is a hormone involved in calcium regulation and does not act through cAMP signaling in the same manner as water-soluble hormones.
A patient presents with polyuria and thirst. There appears to be no elevation of glucose in the body, however, the serum osmolality appears to be low. Upon performing the water deprivation test, the osmolatity is still low. Which of the following is true?
- A. The problem is in the pituitary
- B. The problem is in the kidneys
- C. The patient has diabetes mellitus
- D. The patient has high ADH in the serum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The problem is in the kidneys. In this scenario, the low serum osmolality despite water deprivation indicates the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine, leading to excessive loss of water. This condition is known as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Choice A is incorrect as pituitary dysfunction would result in high serum osmolality due to lack of ADH. Choice C is incorrect as diabetes mellitus would show high glucose levels. Choice D is incorrect as high ADH in the serum would lead to concentrated urine and high serum osmolality.
As a precaution for vocal cord paralysis from damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy surgery, what equipment should be in the room in case it is needed for this emergency situation?
- A. Tracheostomy tray
- B. IV calcium gluconate
- C. Oxygen equipment
- D. Paper and pencil for communication
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A tracheostomy tray should be readily available in case of airway obstruction due to vocal cord paralysis following thyroid surgery.
Common nonspecific manifestations that may alert the nurse to endocrine dysfunction include
- A. goiter and alopecia.
- B. exophthalmos and tremors.
- C. weight loss, fatigue, and depression.
- D. polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Weight loss, fatigue, and depression are nonspecific symptoms that can point to various endocrine disorders, including thyroid and adrenal conditions.