Nokea
Which of the following steroids is an androgen?
- A. Progesterone
- B. Testosterone
- C. Estrogen
- D. Aldosterone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Testosterone is an androgen hormone primarily produced in the testes.
2. Androgens are responsible for male characteristics and reproductive functions.
3. Progesterone is a female sex hormone, not an androgen.
4. Estrogen is also a female sex hormone, not an androgen.
5. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone, not an androgen.
Summary:
Testosterone is the correct answer as it is a male sex hormone with androgenic properties. Progesterone, estrogen, and aldosterone are not androgens and do not exhibit the same functions as testosterone.
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The release of cortisol is stimulated by
- A. aldosterone
- B. angiotensin
- C. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- D. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is released by the pituitary gland in response to stress or low cortisol levels, stimulating the adrenal glands to release cortisol. Aldosterone (A) regulates electrolyte balance, angiotensin (B) regulates blood pressure, and antidiuretic hormone (C) regulates water balance, but they do not directly stimulate cortisol release. So, ACTH is the correct choice for stimulating cortisol production.
All of the following drugs are parasympatholytic drugs EXCEPT:
- A. Hyoscine
- B. Atropine
- C. Pilocarpine
- D. Ipratropium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pilocarpine. Parasympatholytic drugs inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system. Pilocarpine, on the other hand, is a parasympathomimetic drug that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system. Hyoscine, Atropine, and Ipratropium are all parasympatholytic drugs that block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. Therefore, pilocarpine is the exception in this list.
Abrupt, sudden withdrawal of prednisone (cortisol) is most likely to cause:
- A. Cushing syndrome.
- B. hypocalcemic tetany.
- C. diabetes insipidus.
- D. acute adrenal insufficiency.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: acute adrenal insufficiency. Abrupt withdrawal of prednisone can lead to adrenal insufficiency due to suppression of the adrenal glands' natural cortisol production. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, abdominal pain, and low blood pressure. Cushing syndrome (choice A) is caused by excessive cortisol, hypocalcemic tetany (choice B) is due to low calcium levels, and diabetes insipidus (choice C) is a disorder of water balance regulation, not related to prednisone withdrawal.
What is the stimulus for the release of insulin?
- A. Low plasma levels of calcium
- B. High plasma levels of potassium
- C. High plasma levels of glucose
- D. Low blood volume
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: High plasma levels of glucose. When blood glucose levels rise after a meal, pancreatic beta cells sense this increase and release insulin to facilitate glucose uptake into cells for energy production or storage. This is known as the glucose-stimulated insulin release mechanism. Low plasma levels of calcium (choice A), high plasma levels of potassium (choice B), and low blood volume (choice D) do not directly stimulate insulin release and are unrelated to the regulation of insulin secretion.
Alison is being treated for hyperthyroidism. In reviewing her laboratory results, the physician would expect to see:
- A. Diminished thyroid hormone.
- B. Elevated thyroid hormone.
- C. Diminished PTH.
- D. Elevated PTH.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperthyroidism is characterized by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, such as T3 and T4, which are produced in excess in this condition.