Nokea
Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the
- A. PO2 of the alveoli
- B. PCO2 of the blood
- C. thickness of the respiratory membrane
- D. PN2 of the alveoli
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: PN2 of the alveoli. The rate of external respiration is primarily influenced by the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the alveoli, as it drives oxygen diffusion into the blood. PCO2 affects the removal of carbon dioxide. The thickness of the respiratory membrane impacts gas exchange efficiency. However, PN2 does not significantly impact gas exchange in the lungs, as nitrogen (N2) is inert and does not participate in gas exchange. Thus, PN2 of the alveoli does not affect the rate of external respiration.
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Muscles attached to diaphragm contract during inspiration to make it
- A. Flat
- B. Dome-shaped
- C. Concave
- D. Rotate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Flat. During inspiration, the muscles attached to the diaphragm contract, causing it to flatten. This action increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, allowing air to rush into the lungs. The diaphragm moving downward creates a larger space for the lungs to expand. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the diaphragm does not become dome-shaped, concave, or rotate during inspiration. The key concept here is understanding the role of the diaphragm in the breathing process and how its contraction affects the shape of the thoracic cavity.
Which nursing activity is most important to include in the client's care?
- A. Perform postural drainage and chest physiotherapy every 4 hours.
- B. Discuss client's feelings about the need for a living will.
- C. Place in private room to decrease the risk of further infection.
- D. Plan activities to allow at least 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Postural drainage and chest physiotherapy are critical for clearing secretions and improving lung function in cystic fibrosis. Discussing a living will (B), isolation (C), and sleep planning (D) are less urgent.
The effect of pH on hemoglobin saturation is known as the
- A. Bainbridge reflex
- B. Bohr effect
- C. pulmonary reflex
- D. respiratory effect
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bohr effect. This effect describes how pH affects hemoglobin saturation. When pH decreases (becomes more acidic), hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen decreases, promoting oxygen unloading in tissues. This is due to the protonation of histidine residues in hemoglobin, altering its structure. The other choices are incorrect because the Bainbridge reflex is related to heart rate regulation in response to changes in blood volume, the pulmonary reflex relates to the regulation of breathing in response to changes in blood oxygen levels, and the respiratory effect is a general term that does not specifically describe the pH effect on hemoglobin saturation.
A nurse is caring for a client using oxygen while in the hospital. What assessment finding indicates that outcomes for client safety with oxygen therapy are being met?
- A. 100% of meals being eaten by the client
- B. Intact skin behind the ears
- C. The client understanding the need for oxygen
- D. Unchanged weight for the past 3 days
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Intact skin behind the ears indicates that the oxygen delivery device is fitted properly and not causing skin breakdown, ensuring client safety. A (meals being eaten) is not directly related to oxygen therapy outcomes. C (client understanding) is important but doesn't directly assess client safety with oxygen therapy. D (unchanged weight) is not a specific indicator of client safety with oxygen therapy.
What dietary recommendation is often given to heart failure patients to manage their condition?
- A. High-sodium diet
- B. Low-fat diet
- C. Low-sugar diet
- D. Low-sodium diet
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Low-sodium diet. Sodium can exacerbate fluid retention in heart failure patients, leading to increased workload on the heart. A low-sodium diet helps reduce fluid retention and manage symptoms. High-sodium diet (A) is detrimental to heart failure patients. Low-fat diet (B) and low-sugar diet (C) may be beneficial for overall health but are not specific recommendations for managing heart failure.