Nokea
Each of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin except for one. Which is the exception?
- A. Vitamin A
- B. Vitamin C
- C. Vitamin D
- D. Vitamin K
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Vitamin C. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, not fat-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins are Vitamins A, D, E, and K. These vitamins are stored in the body's fat tissues and liver, unlike water-soluble vitamins which are not stored and are eliminated in urine, making them less likely to reach toxic levels.
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Complex carbohydrates contain more than 10 monosaccharides. Complex carbohydrates are also called disaccharides.
- A. Both statements are true.
- B. Both statements are false.
- C. The first statement is true; the second is false.
- D. The first statement is false; the second is true.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The first statement is true; the second is false. Complex carbohydrates are also called polysaccharides and contain more than 10 monosaccharides. Choice A is incorrect because the second statement is false. Choice B is incorrect because the first statement is true. Choice D is incorrect because the second statement is false.
Patients with this chronic nutrient deficiency may feel tired, weak, and irritable while being unable to pinpoint why. Hypertension, heart attack, stroke, kidney stones, and osteoporosis are associated with the chronic deficiency of which nutrient?
- A. Zinc
- B. Iron
- C. Sodium
- D. Potassium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Potassium. Chronic potassium deficiency can lead to hypertension, heart attack, stroke, kidney stones, and osteoporosis. Patients experiencing this deficiency may feel tired, weak, and irritable without knowing the cause. Choice A (Zinc) is incorrect as zinc deficiency presents with different symptoms. Choice B (Iron) deficiency is associated with anemia symptoms, not the conditions listed. Choice C (Sodium) deficiency typically manifests as muscle cramps, weakness, and confusion, not the conditions described in the question.
Which consumption pattern of fermentable carbohydrate is considered most cariogenic?
- A. A single exposure to a large quantity
- B. A single exposure to a small quantity
- C. Multiple exposures of small quantities
- D. Multiple exposures followed by chewing sugarless gum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Multiple exposures of small quantities are considered most cariogenic. The total amount of dietary fermentable carbohydrate seems to matter less than the form and frequency in which it is consumed. Having multiple exposures of even small quantities of fermentable carbohydrate throughout the day promotes a highly cariogenic environment in the mouth. Choices A and B, involving single exposures, are less cariogenic as they do not sustain the fermentation process over time. Choice D suggests a beneficial practice by chewing sugarless gum after exposures, which can reduce the risk, making it less cariogenic compared to multiple exposures of small quantities.
Each of the following accurately describes features of MyPlate except one. Which one is the exception?
- A. MyPlate replaces the well-known food guide, MyPyramid.
- B. The interactive website is intended to help consumers apply personalized dietary guidance.
- C. Whereas MyPyramid was more specific in many areas, MyPlate provides more general information.
- D. Foods providing similar types of nutrients are grouped together and emphasize proportionality of food selections.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because MyPlate actually provides more specific guidance compared to MyPyramid. MyPlate was designed to simplify the dietary recommendations for consumers by focusing on a visual representation of a plate divided into food groups, making it easier to understand and apply. Choices A, B, and D accurately describe features of MyPlate: replacing MyPyramid, providing personalized dietary guidance through an interactive website, and grouping foods with similar nutrients while emphasizing proportionality of food selections.
During early tooth development, vitamin A deficiency leads to enamel hypoplasia and defective dentin formation. Because of its effect on soft tissues and bone, vitamin A contributes to normal spacing of teeth.
- A. Both statements are true.
- B. Both statements are false.
- C. The first statement is true; the second is false.
- D. The first statement is false; the second is true.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Both statements are true. The effect of vitamin A on the growth of soft tissues and bones naturally extends to the teeth and surrounding structures. Enamel hypoplasia, involving defective enamel matrix and incomplete calcification of enamel and dentin, can be due to vitamin A deficiency. The effect of this vitamin upon surrounding bone directly affects spacing patterns of the teeth within the bone and dentition. Choice A is correct because both statements accurately describe the influence of vitamin A on tooth development. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not reflect the accuracy of the statements provided.