Nokea
Early features of heart failure in infancy include:
- A. Bradycardia
- B. Oedema
- C. Tachypnoea
- D. Hepatomegaly
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tachypnoea is an early indicator of heart failure in infants, as the body tries to compensate for reduced oxygenation by increasing the respiratory rate.
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At birth, tunica intima of arterial wall contains all of the following, except
- A. Type IV collagen
- B. Laminin
- C. Endothelial cells
- D. Smooth muscle cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Smooth muscle cells are not typically found in the tunica intima at birth.
Management of a patient with an INR of 8.7 from warfarin overdose includes:
- A. Vitamin K
- B. Cryoprecipitate
- C. Fresh frozen plasma
- D. Desmopressin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because vitamin K is the primary treatment for reversing warfarin overdose. The other options (b-e) are less commonly used or not indicated for this situation.
Which of the following skills would be expected of a 7-month-old infant but not of a 5-month-old infant?
- A. Crawls
- B. Smiles socially
- C. Controls bowel and bladder
- D. Sits unsupported
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A 7-month-old can typically sit unsupported, while a 5-month-old cannot. Crawling and social smiling develop earlier, and bowel control is not expected at this age.
How long should a 4-year-old child recovering from rheumatic fever need to receive monthly injections of penicillin G?
- A. 1 year
- B. 2 years
- C. 5 years
- D. 10 years
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Children who recover from rheumatic fever should have a chemoprophylaxis protocol of penicillin G injections (about 200,000 units per dose) for a minimum of 5 years or up to the age of 18 to prevent further bouts of rheumatic fever.
Developmental delay in children below 3 years of age is defined as
- A. 25% departure from typical performance in 2 developmental domains
- B. 25% departure from typical performance in any developmental domain
- C. 30% departure from typical performance in ≥2 developmental domains
- D. 30% departure from typical performance in any developmental domain
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Developmental delay in children below 3 years is defined as a 30% departure from typical performance in any developmental domain, indicating significant lag.