Nokea
Effect of diabetes on foetus includes all except:
- A. Microsomia
- B. Hyperbilirubinaemia
- C. Stillbirth
- D. Open neural tube defect
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperbilirubinemia is not a common effect of diabetes on the fetus. The correct effects of diabetes on the fetus include:
You may also like to solve these questions
Which one of the following is acromegaly caused by?
- A. Overproduction of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- B. Overproduction of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
- C. Overproduction of growth hormone (GH)
- D. Overproduction of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Acromegaly is a disorder that is characterized by the overproduction of growth hormone (GH) by the pituitary gland in adults. This results in the abnormal growth of bones and tissues, leading to enlarged hands, feet, and facial features. The excess GH is usually caused by a pituitary tumor known as a somatotroph adenoma. This tumor causes the pituitary gland to produce excessive amounts of GH, which in turn leads to the symptoms associated with acromegaly. Treatment for acromegaly often involves surgical removal or reduction of the pituitary tumor, as well as medication to normalize GH levels.
Phaeochromocytoma is not associated with:
- A. Weight gain
- B. Fear of death (angor animi)
- C. Paroxysmal hypertension
- D. Constipation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Phaeochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that usually originates from the adrenal glands and produces excess catecholamines. The characteristic symptoms of phaeochromocytoma include paroxysmal (sudden and severe) hypertension, fear of impending death (angor animi), and episodic symptoms like palpitations, headache, and diaphoresis. However, weight gain is not a typical manifestation associated with phaeochromocytoma. In fact, patients with this condition may experience unintentional weight loss due to the effects of excess catecholamines on metabolism and appetite suppression. Therefore, weight gain is not a significant feature observed in individuals with phaeochromocytoma.
What is the most common cause of Cushing's syndrome?
- A. Ectopic ACTH production
- B. Adrenal adenoma
- C. Glucocorticoid treatment (iatrogenic)
- D. Pituitary adenoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The most common cause of Cushing's syndrome is a pituitary adenoma, specifically a corticotroph adenoma. This adenoma leads to excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulates the adrenal glands to produce high levels of cortisol. This results in the symptoms and signs characteristic of Cushing's syndrome. Pituitary adenomas are responsible for around 70-80% of cases of Cushing's syndrome, making it the most common cause.
Which of the following is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide?
- A. Graves' disease
- B. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- C. Iatrogenic hypothyroidism
- D. Iodine deficiency
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide. Iodine is an essential mineral required for the production of thyroid hormones. Without sufficient iodine, the thyroid gland is unable to produce an adequate amount of thyroid hormones, leading to hypothyroidism. Areas with low iodine levels in the soil or water are more prone to iodine deficiency, which can result in a range of thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism. Efforts to prevent iodine deficiency include iodized salt programs and dietary interventions to ensure an adequate intake of iodine.
Which of the following hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary gland?
- A. Prolactin
- B. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- C. Growth hormone (GH)
- D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Correct Answer:
Rationale: Oxytocin and Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), are the hormones stored in the posterior pituitary gland. These hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and then transported and stored in the posterior pituitary gland until they are released into the bloodstream when needed. Oxytocin plays a role in uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during lactation, while Vasopressin regulates water balance in the body by acting on the kidneys to reduce urine production and conserve water. The other hormones listed, such as Prolactin, TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, and LH, are produced by the anterior pituitary gland.