Nokea
Upper segment > lower segment of body is found in all (in dwarfism) except:
- A. Pituitary dwarf
- B. Cretinism
- C. Achondroplasia
- D. Juvenile myxedema
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In dwarfism conditions, the upper body segment being greater than the lower body segment is a characteristic feature seen in Achondroplasia. This condition results in a disproportionately short stature with short limbs but a trunk of normal length.
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What is Addison's disease?
- A. Addison's disease is a long-term endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones.
- B. Addison's disease involves the overproduction of cortisol and aldosterone by the adrenal cortex.
- C. Addison's disease involves the overproduction of androgens by the adrenal medulla.
- D. Addison's disease involves the underproduction of androgens by the adrenal medulla.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones, mainly cortisol and sometimes aldosterone. This deficiency in steroid hormone production is typically caused by autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex. Without enough cortisol and aldosterone, various symptoms may arise, such as fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and skin discoloration. Therefore, option A accurately describes the nature of Addison's disease.
All of the following are features of Conn's syndrome except:
- A. Alkalosis
- B. Hyperkalemia
- C. Muscle cramps
- D. Severe systemic hypertension
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Conn's syndrome, also known as primary hyperaldosteronism, is characterized by excess production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands. This leads to increased sodium retention and potassium excretion in the kidneys. As a result, patients with Conn's syndrome typically present with hypokalemia (low potassium levels), not hyperkalemia (high potassium levels). The other features of Conn's syndrome include alkalosis (metabolic), muscle cramps, and severe systemic hypertension.
All of the following are potential causes of elevated LDL , except:
- A. Cirrhosis
- B. Hypothyroidism
- C. Nephrotic syndrome
- D. Thiazide diuretics
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cirrhosis is not a potential cause of elevated LDL cholesterol levels. The liver plays a significant role in cholesterol metabolism, and liver disease like cirrhosis can actually lead to decreased levels of LDL cholesterol. Elevated LDL cholesterol levels can be caused by conditions such as hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, or the use of certain medications like thiazide diuretics.
Commonest cause of Addison's disease is:
- A. Granuloma
- B. Idiopathic atrophy
- C. Inflammatory necrosis
- D. Malignancy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most common cause of Addison's disease is autoimmune adrenalitis, also known as autoimmune adrenal insufficiency. In autoimmune adrenalitis, the adrenal glands are damaged by immune system-mediated processes, leading to their dysfunction. This autoimmune destruction typically presents as bilateral adrenal cortex atrophy due to the formation of granulomas. Therefore, the commonest cause of Addison's disease is the presence of granulomas in the adrenal glands, making option A, Granuloma, the correct choice.
All the following drugs are associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis in adults except:
- A. Cyclosporine
- B. Heparin
- C. Prednisone
- D. Ranitidine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ranitidine is not associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis in adults. It is a histamine-2 blocker commonly used to reduce stomach acid production and treat conditions such as ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease. On the other hand, the other options listed are known to increase the risk of osteoporosis: