Nokea
Which of the following are signs of acromegaly?
- A. Increased jaw prominence
- B. Enlargement of feet
- C. Enlargement of the hands and fingers
- D. Decrease in tongue size (microglossia)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Acromegaly is a disorder characterized by excess growth hormone production, usually due to a pituitary adenoma. Signs and symptoms of acromegaly arise gradually over time due to excess growth hormone leading to tissue overgrowth.
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Phaeochromocytoma may be associated with following anomalies except:
- A. Neurofibromatosis
- B. Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
- C. Hyperparathyroidism
- D. Addison's disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Phaeochromocytoma may be associated with Medullary carcinoma of thyroid, Hyperparathyroidism, and Addison's disease as part of MEN Syndrome (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia) Type 2. However, it is not typically associated with Neurofibromatosis. Neurofibromatosis is associated with the development of benign tumors of nerve tissue and is not directly linked to the presence of Phaeochromocytoma.
Charcot joint in diabetes mellitus commonly affects:
- A. Hip
- B. Shoulder
- C. Knee
- D. Foot
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Charcot joint, also known as neuropathic arthropathy, is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus that affects the joints. It commonly affects the foot, especially the midfoot and hindfoot. The condition is characterized by joint deformities, fractures, and dislocations due to nerve damage and loss of sensation in the foot. The repetitive stress on the foot from walking or weight-bearing activities can lead to progressive joint destruction and deformity. It is important for individuals with diabetes to monitor their foot health closely and seek prompt medical attention if they notice any changes or deformities in their feet.
Which of the following hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary gland?
- A. Prolactin
- B. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- C. Growth hormone (GH)
- D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Correct Answer:
Rationale: Oxytocin and Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), are the hormones stored in the posterior pituitary gland. These hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and then transported and stored in the posterior pituitary gland until they are released into the bloodstream when needed. Oxytocin plays a role in uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during lactation, while Vasopressin regulates water balance in the body by acting on the kidneys to reduce urine production and conserve water. The other hormones listed, such as Prolactin, TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, and LH, are produced by the anterior pituitary gland.
All the following are effects of hypercalcemia except
- A. Diarrhea
- B. Polyuria
- C. A shortened qt interval
- D. Nephrolithiasis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypercalcemia refers to elevated levels of calcium in the blood. The effects of hypercalcemia include increased urinary frequency (polyuria), gastrointestinal symptoms such as constipation rather than diarrhea, kidney stones (nephrolithiasis), and various cardiac abnormalities. One key cardiac abnormality associated with hypercalcemia is a prolonged QT interval rather than a shortened QT interval. Prolongation of the QT interval can predispose individuals to arrhythmias, particularly Torsades de pointes. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as a shortened QT interval is not a typical effect of hypercalcemia.
Commonest cause of Addison's disease is:
- A. Granuloma
- B. Idiopathic atrophy
- C. Inflammatory necrosis
- D. Malignancy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most common cause of Addison's disease is autoimmune adrenalitis, also known as autoimmune adrenal insufficiency. In autoimmune adrenalitis, the adrenal glands are damaged by immune system-mediated processes, leading to their dysfunction. This autoimmune destruction typically presents as bilateral adrenal cortex atrophy due to the formation of granulomas. Therefore, the commonest cause of Addison's disease is the presence of granulomas in the adrenal glands, making option A, Granuloma, the correct choice.