Nokea
Effects seen only with depolarizing blockade include all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. Hypercaliemia
- B. A decrease in intraocular pressure
- C. Emesis
- D. Muscle pain
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: A decrease in intraocular pressure. Depolarizing blockade, such as with succinylcholine, leads to sustained depolarization of the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle paralysis. This can result in hyperkalemia due to potassium release from muscles, emesis due to stimulation of chemoreceptors, and muscle pain due to fasciculations. Intraocular pressure is not affected by depolarizing blockade. Therefore, a decrease in intraocular pressure is not an effect seen with depolarizing blockade, making choice B the correct answer.
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Indicate the narcotic analgesic which is a natural agonist:
- A. Meperidine
- B. Fentanyl
- C. Morphine
- D. Naloxone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Morphine. Morphine is a natural opioid analgesic that acts as an agonist at the mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system, producing pain relief and sedation. It is derived from the opium poppy plant, making it a natural agonist. Meperidine (A) and Fentanyl (B) are synthetic opioids, while Naloxone (D) is an opioid antagonist used to reverse opioid overdose by blocking the effects of opioids. Therefore, the natural agonist among the options is Morphine.
Tick the antiandrogen drug:
- A. Flutamide
- B. Aminoglutethimide
- C. Tamoxifen
- D. Testosterone
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Flutamide is the correct answer as it is a known antiandrogen drug used to treat conditions like prostate cancer. It works by blocking the action of androgens in the body. Aminoglutethimide is not an antiandrogen but an aromatase inhibitor. Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator used in breast cancer treatment. Testosterone is a natural male hormone and not an antiandrogen. Therefore, Flutamide is the correct choice for an antiandrogen drug.
Indicate a beta1-selective receptor antagonist which has very long duration of action:
- A. Betaxolol
- B. Sotalol
- C. Nadolol
- D. Metoprolol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: Betaxolol is the correct answer as it is a beta1-selective antagonist with a long duration of action due to its lipophilic properties. It has minimal beta2 or intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, leading to prolonged effects on heart rate and blood pressure. Sotalol (B) is a non-selective beta-blocker with class III antiarrhythmic properties. Nadolol (C) is a non-selective beta-blocker with a long duration, but not beta1-selective. Metoprolol (D) is a beta1-selective antagonist but has a shorter duration compared to betaxolol.
Indicate the intravenous anesthetic,which is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate:
- A. Fentanyl
- B. Thiopental
- C. Midazolam
- D. Ketamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice B: Thiopental:
1. Thiopental is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate commonly used as an intravenous anesthetic.
2. It has a rapid onset of action and short duration of effect, making it ideal for induction of anesthesia.
3. Its pharmacokinetics allow for quick recovery and minimal residual effects.
4. Fentanyl (choice A) is a synthetic opioid, Midazolam (choice C) is a benzodiazepine, and Ketamine (choice D) is a dissociative anesthetic, not barbiturate.
Tick the antimycobacterial drug belonging to antibiotics:
- A. Isoniazid
- B. PAS
- C. Ethambutol
- D. Rifampin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Rifampin. Rifampin is an antimycobacterial drug that is commonly used to treat tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections. It works by inhibiting the RNA polymerase enzyme in mycobacteria, leading to the suppression of bacterial growth. Isoniazid (Choice A) is also used for tuberculosis treatment, but it is not classified as an antibiotic. PAS (Choice B) is an antimycobacterial drug but is not an antibiotic. Ethambutol (Choice C) is also used to treat tuberculosis, but it works by inhibiting cell wall synthesis rather than RNA polymerase. Therefore, the correct choice is Rifampin as it directly targets the mycobacterial RNA polymerase enzyme, making it an effective antibiotic for treating mycobacterial infections.