Nokea
Indicate the local anesthetic, which is used for spinal anesthesia:
- A. Procaine
- B. Lidocaine
- C. Bupivacaine
- D. Bupivacaine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bupivacaine. Bupivacaine is used for spinal anesthesia due to its long duration of action and potency. It provides effective anesthesia for surgeries and pain management. Procaine (A) is not commonly used for spinal anesthesia due to its short duration of action. Lidocaine (B) is used more for regional anesthesia and nerve blocks. Dupivacaine (D) is a duplicate choice and not a valid option. In summary, bupivacaine is the preferred choice for spinal anesthesia due to its duration of action and efficacy.
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Side effects of aspirin include following:
- A. Gastric upset (intolerance)
- B. Salicylism (vomiting, tinnitus, decreased hearing, and vertigo)
- C. Gastric ulcers and upper gastrointestinal bleeding
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because aspirin can cause gastric upset, salicylism symptoms like vomiting, tinnitus, decreased hearing, and vertigo, as well as gastric ulcers and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Aspirin is known to irritate the stomach lining, leading to gastric upset and ulcers. Salicylism symptoms are characteristic of aspirin toxicity. Gastrointestinal bleeding is a serious side effect of aspirin due to its effect on blood clotting. Choices A, B, and C individually describe common side effects of aspirin, but only choice D encompasses all the side effects associated with aspirin use.
Which of the following CNS psychostimulants is a sydnonymine derivative?
- A. Caffeine
- B. Sydnocarb
- C. Meridil (methylphenidate hydrochloride)
- D. Amphetamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sydnocarb. Sydnocarb is a CNS psychostimulant that is a sydnonymine derivative. This is because the chemical structure of Sydnocarb contains the sydnone imine group, which is characteristic of sydnonimine derivatives.
A: Caffeine is not a sydnonimine derivative, as it does not contain the sydnone imine group.
C: Meridil (methylphenidate hydrochloride) is not a sydnonimine derivative, as it does not contain the sydnone imine group.
D: Amphetamine is not a sydnonimine derivative, as it does not contain the sydnone imine group.
High molecular weight, pharmacodynamically inert, nonantigenic substances which form colloidal solution are used as
- A. Osmotic purgatives
- B. Osmotic diuretics
- C. Plasma expanders
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Substances like dextran or hydroxyethyl starch are high molecular weight, inert colloids used as plasma expanders to maintain blood volume, not as purgatives or diuretics.
Tolerance and drug resistance can be a consequence of:
- A. Change in receptors, loss of them or exhaustion of mediators
- B. Increased receptor sensitivity
- C. Decreased metabolic degradation
- D. Decreased renal tubular secretion
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Change in receptors, loss of them or exhaustion of mediators. Tolerance and drug resistance often occur due to changes in receptors, such as downregulation or desensitization, leading to decreased drug efficacy. Loss of receptors or exhaustion of mediators can also contribute to reduced drug response over time.
Explanation of why other choices are incorrect:
B: Increased receptor sensitivity would not lead to tolerance or drug resistance, as it would result in enhanced drug effects.
C: Decreased metabolic degradation would increase drug levels in the body, potentially leading to increased drug effects rather than tolerance.
D: Decreased renal tubular secretion may alter drug excretion but would not directly cause tolerance or drug resistance.
Which of the following statements about estrogens are True:
- A. Estrogens are required for normal sexual maturation and growth of the female
- B. Estrogens decrease the rate of resorption of bone
- C. Estrogens enhance the coagulability of blood
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Estrogens are required for normal sexual maturation and growth of the female. This is true as estrogens play a key role in the development of secondary sexual characteristics and growth.
Step 2: Estrogens decrease the rate of resorption of bone. This is true as estrogens help maintain bone density by inhibiting bone breakdown.
Step 3: Estrogens enhance the coagulability of blood. This is true as estrogens can increase clotting factors leading to enhanced blood coagulability.
Step 4: Combining the above points, it is evident that all the statements are true, making choice D the correct answer. Other choices are incorrect as they do not align with the established functions of estrogens.