Immune System Test Quizlet

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Elaborating on Jenner's observations, who is considered to have created the first "attenuated" vaccine

  • A. Louis Pasteur
  • B. Robert Koch
  • C. Ilya Metchnikoff
  • D. Adolf Von Behring
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Louis Pasteur. He is considered to have created the first "attenuated" vaccine based on his work with the rabies vaccine in the 1880s. Pasteur's method involved weakening the virus to make it less harmful while still eliciting an immune response. Other choices are incorrect because:
B: Robert Koch is known for his contributions to microbiology and germ theory, not for creating the first attenuated vaccine.
C: Ilya Metchnikoff is known for his work on immunology and phagocytosis, not for developing the first attenuated vaccine.
D: Adolf Von Behring is known for his research on diphtheria antitoxin, not for creating the first attenuated vaccine.

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Which antibody isotype is involved in allergic reactions?

  • A. IgG
  • B. IgM
  • C. IgA
  • D. IgE
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: IgE. IgE is the antibody isotype involved in allergic reactions. It binds to allergens and triggers the release of histamine and other chemicals, leading to allergic symptoms. IgG (choice A) is involved in long-term immunity, IgM (choice B) is the first antibody produced in response to an infection, and IgA (choice C) is mainly found in mucosal areas and helps prevent pathogens from entering the body. IgE is specifically associated with allergic responses due to its role in triggering the release of inflammatory mediators in response to allergens.

What triggers the activation of lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?

  • A. Phagocytosis
  • B. Recognition of their specific antigen
  • C. Cytokine release by macrophages
  • D. Opsonization of pathogens
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because lymphocytes are activated in adaptive immunity by recognizing their specific antigen. This recognition is crucial for initiating an immune response tailored to combat a specific pathogen. Phagocytosis (A) is the process of engulfing and destroying pathogens, but it does not directly activate lymphocytes. Cytokine release by macrophages (C) can help in activating other immune cells, but lymphocytes specifically require antigen recognition for activation. Opsonization of pathogens (D) enhances phagocytosis but is not the direct trigger for lymphocyte activation.

A nurse is taking care of a client with cancer and is teaching about the types of drugs that promote the natural production of blood cells in people whose own hematopoietic functions have become compromised. What class of drugs are these?

  • A. Tumor necrosis factors
  • B. Colony-stimulating factors
  • C. Interferons
  • D. Interleukins
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Colony-stimulating factors stimulate the production of blood cells which is crucial for clients with compromised hematopoietic function such as those undergoing chemotherapy.

What type of antibodies predominate in the secondary immune response?

  • A. IgM
  • B. IgE
  • C. IgG
  • D. IgD
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: IgG. In the secondary immune response, IgG antibodies predominate due to memory B cells rapidly producing them upon re-exposure to the same antigen. IgG provides long-lasting immunity and is more efficient in neutralizing pathogens. IgM (A) is the primary antibody in the initial immune response. IgE (B) is involved in allergic reactions. IgD (D) functions as a receptor on B cells.

Cancer cells go through stages of development. What accurately describes the stage of promotion (select all that apply)?

  • A. Obesity is an example of a promoting factor
  • B. The stage is characterized by increased growth rate and metastasis
  • C. Withdrawal of promoting factors will reduce the risk of cancer development
  • D. Tobacco smoke is a complete carcinogen that is capable of both initiation and promotion
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Promotion involves enhancing the growth of initiated cells. Obesity and tobacco smoke are examples of promoting factors, and withdrawal of such factors can reduce cancer risk.

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