Nokea
Auxin hormones act as
- A. promotes seedling elongation
- B. is transported downward through a plant
- C. affects cell elongation in roots at lower concentrations
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because auxin hormones play a crucial role in promoting seedling elongation (A), are transported downward through a plant (B), and affect cell elongation in roots at lower concentrations (C). Auxins are known for their ability to stimulate cell growth and elongation, which is essential for seedling growth. They are also transported in a polar manner from the shoot tip downwards, influencing various plant processes along the way. Additionally, auxins regulate root growth by promoting cell elongation at lower concentrations. Therefore, all the statements (A, B, and C) are supported by the functions of auxin hormones, making option D the correct choice.
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Which of the following best describes granuloma formation?
- A. IgE-mediated mast cell activation
- B. Persistent recruitment of macrophages around undigested antigens
- C. Deposition of immune complexes in tissues
- D. Complement-mediated cell lysis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Granuloma formation is characterized by the persistent recruitment of macrophages around undigested antigens. Initially, macrophages attempt to phagocytose the antigen but fail to digest it completely, leading to the formation of a granuloma. This process is a protective mechanism to isolate the antigen and prevent its spread. IgE-mediated mast cell activation (choice A) is associated with allergic reactions, not granuloma formation. Deposition of immune complexes in tissues (choice C) is linked to immune complex-mediated diseases, not granuloma formation. Complement-mediated cell lysis (choice D) involves the destruction of target cells by the complement system, which is not directly related to granuloma formation.
What percent of clients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) will experience hypotension during a tilt table test,which can eventually be diagnostic for these clients?
- A. 60%
- B. 96%
- C. 80%
- D. 20%
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Approximately 96% of clients with CFS experience hypotension during a tilt table test which helps in diagnosing the condition.
All of the following are true about antibodies, EXCEPT which one?
- A. They fix complement.
- B. They occur on the surface of B-lymphocyte
- C. They predominate the primary immune response to antigen.
- D. have a single, defined amino acid sequence due to variability.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because antibodies do not have a single, defined amino acid sequence due to variability in their structure. This variability is a result of somatic recombination and hypermutation.
A: Antibodies can fix complement, leading to the destruction of pathogens.
B: Antibodies are produced by B-lymphocytes and can occur on their surface as B-cell receptors.
C: Antibodies predominate the secondary immune response, not the primary response, as memory B-cells are generated during the primary response for a quicker and more robust secondary response.
Alumn is an adjuvant that triggers
- A. TLR4
- B. DAMPs formation
- C. NOD1
- D. TLR9
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: DAMPs formation. Alum is known to trigger the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are endogenous molecules released by damaged cells. This activation of DAMPs plays a crucial role in initiating and enhancing the immune response. The other choices, TLR4, NOD1, and TLR9, are receptors involved in recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) rather than DAMPs. Therefore, they are not directly triggered by alum. This makes choice B the correct answer based on the known mechanism of action of alum as an adjuvant.
A patient with chronic kidney disease has hyperphosphatemia. What is a commonly associated electrolyte imbalance?
- A. Hypokalemia
- B. Hyponatremia
- C. Hypocalcemia
- D. Hypomagnesemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hyperphosphatemia binds calcium, lowering its availability and causing hypocalcemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.