Nokea
The class of an immunoglobulin
- A. is determined by Class I and Class II major histocompatibility complex proteins
- B. is determined by the carbohydrate attached to the light chain is
- C. determined by the antigen
- D. is determined by the heavy chain type
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the class of an immunoglobulin is determined by the type of heavy chain it possesses. There are five main classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE) which are defined by the heavy chain constant region. Different heavy chain types result in different effector functions and biological properties. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the class of an immunoglobulin is not determined by Class I and Class II major histocompatibility complex proteins, carbohydrate attached to the light chain, or the antigen. These factors may influence the function or specificity of the antibody, but they do not determine its class.
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Alumn is an adjuvant that triggers
- A. TLR4
- B. DAMPs formation
- C. NOD1
- D. TLR9
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: DAMPs formation. Alum is known to trigger the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are endogenous molecules released by damaged cells. This activation of DAMPs plays a crucial role in initiating and enhancing the immune response. The other choices, TLR4, NOD1, and TLR9, are receptors involved in recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) rather than DAMPs. Therefore, they are not directly triggered by alum. This makes choice B the correct answer based on the known mechanism of action of alum as an adjuvant.
Which scientist is credited with identifying Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in innate immunity?
- A. Paul Ehrlich
- B. Jules Hoffman
- C. Edward Jenner
- D. Louis Pasteur
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Jules Hoffman. He is credited with identifying Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in innate immunity. Hoffman's research provided crucial insights into how the immune system recognizes pathogens and triggers immune responses. Paul Ehrlich is known for his work on antibodies, Edward Jenner for developing the smallpox vaccine, and Louis Pasteur for his contributions to germ theory and vaccination. However, none of them are specifically associated with the discovery of Toll-like receptors in innate immunity.
Macrophages differentiate
- A. From blood neutrophils
- B. In tissues
- C. From the common lymphoid progenitor
- D. In the bone marrow
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Macrophages differentiate in tissues because they originate from monocytes which leave the bloodstream and mature into macrophages in various tissues. This process is essential for their diverse functions in immune response and tissue maintenance. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because macrophages do not differentiate from blood neutrophils, the common lymphoid progenitor, or in the bone marrow.
What type of diseases does the immune system primarily defend against?
- A. Autoimmune diseases
- B. Infectious diseases
- C. Neurological disorders
- D. Cardiovascular diseases
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Infectious diseases. The immune system's main function is to protect the body from foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. It recognizes and eliminates these pathogens to prevent infections. Autoimmune diseases (A) occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells. Neurological disorders (C) and cardiovascular diseases (D) are not primarily defended against by the immune system as they are not caused by external pathogens.
A client with AIDS is experiencing bouts of diarrhea,anorexia,nausea and vomiting. Cryptosporidiosis is diagnosed and the nurse goes to hang the first antibiotic. Which type of macrolide antibiotic is the nurse going to hang?
- A. Humatin
- B. Azithromycin
- C. Penicillin
- D. Ancef
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic commonly used to treat cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients.