Nokea
Physical traits expressed by an individual is the definition for which term?
- A. Allele
- B. Genomics
- C. Phenotype
- D. Chromosomes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Phenotype refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences.
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What is not true about Salmonella thyphimurium?
- A. It is the causal agent of "hamburger disease"
- B. It is the second most common cause of food poisoning
- C. It is able to induce its own uptake by manipulating the actin cytoskeleton of host cells
- D. It is able to survive inside the phagosomes by manipulating the host actin cytoskeleton
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: It is the causal agent of "hamburger disease." Salmonella typhimurium is not the causal agent of "hamburger disease." Instead, Escherichia coli O157:H7 is the primary causal agent of this particular foodborne illness. Salmonella typhimurium is commonly associated with causing salmonellosis. Therefore, choice A is incorrect. Choices B, C, and D are all true statements about Salmonella typhimurium. It is the second most common cause of food poisoning, it is able to induce its own uptake by manipulating the actin cytoskeleton of host cells, and it is able to survive inside the phagosomes by manipulating the host actin cytoskeleton.
Your patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is taking prednisone (Deltasone) and naproxen (Alleve) to reduce inflammation and joint pain. Which of these symptoms is the strongest indicator that a change in therapy may be necessary?
- A. The patient states that the RA symptoms are worst in the morning.
- B. The patient complains about having dry eyes.
- C. The patient has round and moveable nodules just under the skin.
- D. The patient has stools that are very dark in color.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dark stools can indicate gastrointestinal bleeding which is a serious side effect of NSAIDs like naproxen. This requires immediate attention and possibly a change in therapy. The other symptoms while related to RA do not indicate an urgent need for a change in treatment.
Which of the following is not a Covid-19 vaccine?
- A. Nuvaxovid
- B. Covovax
- C. Moderna
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Nuvaxovid is not a known Covid-19 vaccine.
2. Covovax and Moderna are both established Covid-19 vaccines.
3. "None of the above" includes all listed options, so it is not the correct answer.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is A: Nuvaxovid, as it is not a recognized Covid-19 vaccine.
What is the medical term for an abnormal increase in white blood cells?
- A. Leukocytosis
- B. Thrombocytosis
- C. Anemia
- D. Hemolysis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Leukocytosis. Leukocytosis refers to an abnormal increase in white blood cells, indicating an immune response. Thrombocytosis (B) is an increase in platelets, not white blood cells. Anemia (C) is a decrease in red blood cells. Hemolysis (D) is the breakdown of red blood cells, not related to an increase in white blood cells. Therefore, A is the correct answer as it specifically relates to an abnormal increase in white blood cells.
Which of the following is a molecule that inhibits T cell activation, is highly expressed in Tregs and is used in a recombinant (synthetic) form to treat some autoimmune diseases?
- A. CD86
- B. CTLA-4
- C. MHC class II
- D. CD4
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: CTLA-4. CTLA-4 inhibits T cell activation by binding to CD80/CD86 on antigen-presenting cells, preventing the co-stimulatory signal required for T cell activation. It is highly expressed in Tregs, which suppress immune responses. Recombinant CTLA-4 (e.g., abatacept) is used to treat autoimmune diseases by blocking T cell activation.
Explanation for other choices:
A: CD86 is a co-stimulatory molecule that activates T cells, not inhibits them.
C: MHC class II molecules present antigens to T cells, they do not inhibit T cell activation.
D: CD4 is a co-receptor that helps T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC class II molecules, it does not inhibit T cell activation.